Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Battle of Bell Island
Part of the American Theater and the Battle of the St. Lawrence of World War II
Date September 4 – November 2, 1942 Location Bell Island, Newfoundland Result Indecisive
Belligerents
Canada  Newfoundland	Germany
Commanders and leaders
	Kapitän-Leutnant Rolf Ruggeberg Kapitän-Leutnant Friedrich Wissmann Werner von Janowski
Strength
SS Lord Strathcona SS Saganaga SS Evelyn B SS Anna T Flyingdale SS Rose Castle PLM 27 HMCS Drumheller 2 Fairmile fast motor boats	German submarine U-513 German submarine U-518
Casualties and losses
SS Lord Strathcona SS Saganaga(29 killed) SS Evelyn B SS Rose Castle (28 killed) PLM 27 (12 killed)	Spy captured

In 1942, the German U-boats attacked Bell Island two times which led to four ore boats sinking, and more than 60 men dead, making it one of the few places in the Dominion of Newfoundland raided during the Second World War. The Germans also tried to capture St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland.^[1] These engagements are considered part of the larger Battle of the St. Lawrence.^{[citation needed]} Bell Island is in Conception Bay, Newfoundland and the waters were part of an important Atlantic convoy route that allowed supplies to flow from the United States to its allies in Europe. Many ships brought supplies in these waters to Britain's troops, but many of them were cut off by the German U-boats. Later in the war, many other ships sunk which led to the death of more than 137 people.

On the night of 4 September 1942 The German boat, U-513, which was under the command of Kapitänleutnant Rolf Ruggeberg, followed the iron ore carrier Evelyn B to Conception Bay. There, they spent the night under twenty metres of water. The next morning on 5 September U-513 attacked and sank SS Lord Strathcona and SS Saganaga. A total of twenty-nine men who were all on Saganaga died. Right after the attack, U-513 left the fight following Evelyn B. On 2 November at 3 a.m., the waters off Bell Island saw a second attack, this time executed by U-518. Commanded by Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Wissmann, and she was at the southern end of Bell Island in an area known as “The Tickle,” also known as Wabana Anchorage. Over the course of an hour, she fired a torpedo at the 3,000 ton Anna T. It missed and went under SS Flydingdale which then exploded towards the loading dock. This explosion startled many in Bell Island. Wissman fired twice more. The torpedoes went straight towards SS Rose Castle, and the ship immediately sank, killing twenty-eight men with her. The Free French ship Paris Lyon Marseille 27 was also attacked, and right after she was hit, sank losing twelve men. After these shootings, U-518 escaped even though there were two patrol boats nearby. This whole attack lasted ten minutes. Governor of Newfoundland Sir Humphrey Walwyn, was angered by these sinkings. Upon his return to St. John's, he called the Chief of Staff, Captain F.L. Houghton, and said “It was madness to let ships lie unprotected”. However, Houghton felt that it was better for the ships to be left alone in St. John's.^{[citation needed]}

After all the attacks had happened, the result was indecisive. Many^[quantify] Newfoundlanders^[who?] witnessed the aftermath of the raids. Evidence of the battle persist to today.^{[when?][citation needed]} Many^[quantify] pictures were taken^{[by whom?]} of the ruins from the battle. On October 13, 1942, the ship SS Caribou, departed from Sydney at 9:30 p.m. The next morning, U-69 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ulrich Gräf, raided the vessel and she sank in the Gulf of St. Lawrence taking 137 people with her, including women and children.

^[2]