Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
B. Chance Saltzman | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 2022 | |
| Nickname(s) | Salty[1] |
| Born | 1969 (age 54–55) Daviess County, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | |
| Years of service | 1991–2020 (Air Force)
|
| Rank | General |
| Commands | |
| Awards | |
| Alma mater | |
| Spouse(s) |
Jennifer Petersen (m. 1992) |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature |  |
Bradley Chance Saltzman (born 1969) is a United States Space Force general who is the second and current chief of space operations. He served as the deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear from 2020 to 2022. He is the first lieutenant general and the first general officer promoted into the Space Force.
Saltzman was born and raised in Kentucky. In 1991, he graduated from Boston University and was commissioned into the United States Air Force. He is a career missile and space operations officer with operational experience as a Minuteman III launch officer and as a satellite operator for the National Reconnaissance Office. He served as the last commander for both the 614th Space Operations Squadron and 1st Space Control Squadron, during which time he led the operations during the 2007 Chinese ASAT test. He also commanded the 460th Operations Group and Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado.
As a general officer, Saltzman has been called the "father of multi-domain operations" for his work in leading the Air Force multi-domain command and control effort. He was also the first non-flying officer to serve as deputy commander of the United States Air Forces Central Command. He transferred in 2020 to the Space Force, serving as its first chief operations officer.
Early life and education
Saltzman was born to Belinda C. Troutman in Daviess County, Kentucky, in 1969.[2][3] His father and grandfather were in the United States Army.[4] He grew up in Bowling Green, Kentucky, attending Bowling Green High School where he played tennis.[5][6]
Saltzman studied at Boston University on an Air Force scholarship, graduating in 1991 with a B.A. degree in history.[6] He later completed a Master of Public Administration degree at the University of Montana in 1994 and a Master of Strategic Management degree from the George Washington University School of Business in 1998. He also completed seminar programs at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Harvard Kennedy School.[7]
Saltzman underwent undergraduate missile training at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, in 1992, less than a year after commissioning into the Air Force. In 1997, he earned the Air Assault Badge from attending the United States Army Air Assault School. He is also a space weapons officer, graduating from the USAF Weapons School in 2001, where students are taught how to be weapons instructors in their units.[7] During his promotion to lieutenant general in 2020, General John W. Raymond pointed to Saltzman's entrance to the weapons school as one of his defining qualities. "[If] you think about Salty, that's what I think of: as an instructor," said Raymond. "Just last week, we went out to Vandenberg... Two young captains briefed me on what they were doing, and then I continued the tour. And for about another 20 or 30 minutes, I was looking and I said, 'Where'd General Saltzman go?' Well, he was sitting down with those two captains teaching, and sitting down having a conversation, and helping them think through what they had just briefed, and helping them understand the importance of the work they were doing."[8]
Saltzman's other professional military education included attending Squadron Officer School, Air Command and Staff College, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air War College, National Security Space Institute, Center for Creative Leadership, National Defense University, Institute for Defense Business, and LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education.[7]
Military career
Early Air Force career
Saltzman was commissioned into the United States Air Force on May 15, 1991, as a second lieutenant through Boston University’s Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. After earning distinguished graduate honors from missile operational readiness training at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, he held numerous missile crew, instructor, and evaluator positions at Malmstrom Air Force Base, culminating in his selection as the senior evaluator crew commander at the 10th Strategic Missile Squadron and 341st Strategic Missile Wing. While assigned to the 341st Missile Wing, he competed in the inaugural Guardian Challenge Space Competition and led the team to the 1995 Blanchard Trophy for the best missile operations squadron.[9]
In 1996, Saltzman was selected for the Air Force Intern Program where he was assigned to the Air Force Office of the Director of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance and the Air Staff History Office. While on the Air Staff, he worked planning, programming and budgeting issues for the Information Warfare Panel; wrote higher headquarters inspection classification guidance for information operations; and provided historical research for the chief of staff. In 1998, he was assigned to the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), Operating Division Four (OD-4). In OD-4, he served as flight commander, senior flight commander and mission planning flight commander responsible for planning and command and control of three NRO reconnaissance satellite constellations. He also served as the on-console launch officer and led early-orbit engineering checkout for a $1 billion NRO satellite.[9]
In 2000, Saltzman was selected to attend the USAF Weapons School. After graduating from the Weapons School in 2001, he was selected to remain at the Weapons School as an instructor. While there, he served as academics flight commander and an assistant director of operations.[9]
From 2003 to 2007, Saltzman returned to Vandenberg to serve in a variety of assignments. In March 2003, he served in the Fourteenth Air Force’s strategy division as the chief of operational assessment during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[9] In July 2005, he was assigned as the first chief of combat plans for the Joint Space Operations Center, and later, as chief of combat operations. He served as the last commander for both the 614th Space Operations Squadron and 1st Space Control Squadron before their inactivation and their missions were merged to the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in 2007 and 2008, respectively.[7]
On January 11, 2007, then-Lieutenant Colonel Saltzman was serving under Colonel Stephen N. Whiting, then the director of the Joint Space Operations Center, and with Major DeAnna Burt, who succeeded Saltzman as chief of combat plans, when the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test occurred. Recalling what he believes is the key date of modern military space operations history, Whiting noted, "We watched that test unfold over time, and we led the response for U.S. STRATCOM. We spent weeks and weeks figuring out how we would notify national leadership in real time. And those of us who was there knew the world had changed, on that day."[10]
After his command tour, Saltzman studied at Harvard University as a national security fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School. In July 2009, he was promoted to colonel and returned to the Pentagon as the chief of the strategic plans and policy division. From 2010 to 2014, he was stationed at Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado, as commander of the 460th Operations Group from June 2010 to June 2012 and commander of the NRO's Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado from June 2012 to June 2014.[7]
In June 2014, Saltzman transferred to the Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, as the deputy director of plans and programs. After less than a year in that stint, he was chosen as the executive officer to General John E. Hyten, then AFSPC commander. It was during this time when he was nominated for promotion to general officer in March 2016 and confirmed by the Senate a month later.[11] On July 3, 2016, he was promoted to brigadier general.[7]
Multi-domain command and control
In September 2016, General David L. Goldfein outlined his three priorities as chief of staff of the United States Air Force. Among them was advancing multi-domain, multi-functional command and control. Saltzman, who was then director of future operations at the Air Force headquarters, was handpicked by Goldfein to lead the multi-domain command and control (MDC2) effort.[12][13] He served as director of Air Force Strategic Integration Group, running the service’s yearlong study of MDC2.[14][15] For his work on MDC2, he has been called as the "father of multi-domain operations", which is now known in the United States Department of Defense as joint all-domain command and control.[16]
After his stint at the Pentagon, Saltzman was chosen by Lieutenant General Joseph T. Guastella, commander of the U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT), as his deputy commander. He is the first AFCENT deputy commander to come from a non-flying background.[17][18]
Transfer to the Space Force
The United States Space Force was established while Saltzman was at AFCENT as deputy commander. By July 2020, after his tour in Southwest Asia, he went back to the Pentagon to serve as acting director of staff of the United States Space Force, a post held by retiring Major General Clinton Crosier.[19] He held this position until he was among the four Air Force major generals selected for promotion to lieutenant general and transfer to the Space Force.[20][21][22]
Saltzman transferred into the Space Force and was promoted to lieutenant general during a ceremony on August 14, 2020, making him the first lieutenant general of the Space Force and the first general officer promoted into the new service. During the ceremony, General John W. Raymond remarked:
"I think it's very appropriate that the first general who comes in is a warfighter. I think that sends a really strong message that this is an armed service, and we are about deterring conflict that could begin or extend into space. We couldn’t ask for a better person."
— General John W. Raymond[23]
Saltzman assumed the position of deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear, becoming the first chief operations officer of the Space Force with overall responsibility for intelligence, operations, sustainment, cyber, and nuclear operations.[23]
As chief operations officer, Saltzman plays a key role in defining readiness in the Space Force.[24][25] He also has a role in the establishment of Space Force component commands to unified combatant commands. In November 2021, he announced that the service was establishing Space Force elements in the United States European Command, United States Indo-Pacific Command, United States Central Command, and United States Forces Korea.[26][1]
Chief of Space Operations
On July 27, 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden nominated Saltzman for promotion to general and appointment as the second chief of space operations (CSO) of the Space Force.[27][28] One of four lieutenant generals considered, Saltzman was a dark horse candidate for the job.[16] The outgoing CSO, General Raymond, with whom he has close personal ties dating back years, strongly supported his selection.[29] Saltzman testified before a United States Senate Committee on Armed Services hearing on September 13, 2022.[30][31] In his opening statement, he mentioned three broad fronts he would focus on as CSO: maturing as an independent service, leveraging partnerships, and innovating to accomplish missions.[32] His nomination was confirmed by voice vote of the Senate on September 29, 2022.[28]
On November 2, 2022, Saltzman assumed office as the second chief of space operations during the Space Force's first change of responsibility ceremony. He pledged to build on the Space Force's achievements while also infusing the service with new approaches.[33]
As chief, Saltzman has sent out "C-notes" to guardians as a means of communicating with them, an adaptation of Admiral Elmo Zumwalt's "Z-grams".[34] In a series of three C-notes in January 2023, he released three lines of efforts that would guide his term as chief: (1) fielding combat-ready forces, (2) amplifying the guardian spirit, and (3) partnering to win.[35][36] In February 2023, he unveiled his "Theory of Success," intended to initiate a debate within the service.[37] Two weeks later, he unveiled the concept of Competitive Endurance as a theory of success for the Space Force, which has three core tenets: (1) avoiding operational surprise, (2) denying first-mover advantage, and (3) responsible counterspace campaigning.[38]
In another C-note, Saltzman criticized the existing mission statement of the Space Force, noting that it falls short of explaining the mission of the service. He used the memo to crowd-source ideas for revising the mission statement.[39]
Personal life
Saltzman married Jennifer (Petersen) Saltzman on September 12, 1992. They have two children, John and Sarah.[32]
Awards and decorations
Saltzman is the recipient of the following awards and decorations:[7]
Badges
|
Command Space Operations Badge |
 |
Air Assault Badge |
 |
Basic Missile Operations Badge |
 |
Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge |
 |
Space Staff Badge |
Ribbons
|
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal[40] |
  |
Defense Superior Service Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster |
 |
Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters |
|
Defense Meritorious Service Medal |
 |
Meritorious Service Medal with two bronze oak leaf clusters |
 |
Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster |
|
Joint Service Achievement Medal |
|
Air Force Achievement Medal |
|
Joint Meritorious Unit Award |
|
Air Force Meritorious Unit Award |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with four bronze oak leaf clusters |
 |
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award with one bronze oak leaf cluster |
|
Combat Readiness Medal |
  |
National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star |
|
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal |
|
Air and Space Campaign Medal |
|
Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal |
  |
Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and one bronze oak leaf clusters |
|
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon |
|
Navy Expert Rifleman Medal |
|
Navy Pistol Marksmanship |
|
Air Force Training Ribbon |
Awards
- Air Force Association's Thomas D. White Space Award (2021)
Dates of promotion
| Rank | Branch | Date[7] |
|---|---|---|
 Second lieutenant |
Air Force | May 15, 1991 |
 First lieutenant |
October 18, 1993 | |
 Captain |
October 18, 1995 | |
 Major |
August 1, 2002 | |
 Lieutenant colonel |
March 1, 2006 | |
 Colonel |
October 1, 2009 | |
 Brigadier general |
July 3, 2016 | |
 Major general |
September 4, 2019 | |
 Lieutenant general |
Space Force | August 7, 2020 |
 General |
November 2, 2022 |
Writings
Books
- With Tom Searle (2001). Introduction to the United States Air Force (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. ISBN 978-1478352686.
Articles
- With James Wood Forsyth Jr. and J. Wesley Hutto (Summer 2022). "Ten Propositions Regarding Great Power Politics" (PDF). Æther: A Journal of Strategic Airpower & Spacepower. 1 (2): 5–12.
- With James Wood Forsyth Jr. (Winter 2010). "Minimum Deterrence and Its Critics" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. 4 (4): 3–12. JSTOR 26269812.
- With James Wood Forsyth Jr. and Gary Schaub Jr. (Spring 2010). "Remembrance of Things Past: The Enduring Value of Nuclear Weapons" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. 4 (4): 3–12. JSTOR 26269812.
- With James Wood Forsyth Jr. (Summer 2009). "Stay Out: Why Intervention Should Not Be America's Policy" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. 3 (2): 3–12. JSTOR 26269812.
- With William Liquori (December 2006). "Counterspace Command and Control: Looking to History for Advice" (PDF). In Brown, Kendall K. (ed.). Space Power Integration: Perspective from Space Weapons Officer. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. pp. 159–168. ISBN 1-58566-158-9.
Thesis
- Liberty and Justice for All: The Democracy Project and the Global War on Terrorism (PDF) (Thesis). School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2021.
References
- ^ a b Hitchens, Teresa (May 20, 2022). "Space Force, Pentagon still hashing out service's presence in theater commands". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ "Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK". sortedbybirthdate.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.
- ^ "Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force". Messenger-Inquirer. November 11, 2022.
- ^ "Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate". The Park City Daily News. April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ Brown, Leah (April 2, 2016). "BGHS graduate to become Air Force brigadier general". Bowling Green Daily News. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Sergeant, Don (September 24, 2020). "BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force". Bowling Green Daily News. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "General B. Chance Saltzman". United States Space Force. November 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Maj. Gen. B. Chance Saltzman promotion. Defense Flash News. August 14, 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c d Saltzman, B. Chance (2005). Liberty and Justice for All: The Democracy Project and the Global War on Terrorism (PDF) (Thesis). School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. p. iii. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ 26th Space Symposium. Defense Flash News. August 25, 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "PN1210 — Col. Bradley C. Saltzman — Air Force". United States Congress. March 14, 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Goldfein outlines three focus areas at AFA" (PDF). United States Air Force. September 22, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ 2016 Air Force Association Air, Space and Cyber Conference: Air Force Update. Air Force Association. September 21, 2016 – via YouTube.
- ^ "B. Chance Saltzman". Air Force Strategic Integration Group. August 2018. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Cohen, Rachel S. (April 15, 2019). "Moving MDC2 from Research to Reality". Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ a b Hitchens, Theresa (July 28, 2022). "Saltzman, father of multi-domain ops, to replace Raymond as Space Force chief". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- ^ Schwier-Morales, Armando A. (August 14, 2020). "Maj. Gen. B. Chance Saltzman promotion". Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Geiger, Hope (March 31, 2020). "2-star brings unique background to AFCENT leadership team". United States Air Forces Central Command. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Erwin, Sandra (July 7, 2020). "Space Force proposes headquarters staff led by generals and civilians". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ "PN2134 — Maj. Gen. Bradley C. Saltzman — Space Force". U.S. Congress. July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "PN2138 — Maj. Gen. Bradley C. Saltzman — Space Force". United States Congress. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "General Officer Announcements". United States Department of Defense. July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Richardson, James (August 14, 2020). "U.S. Space Force promotes first general officer". United States Space Force. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Cohen, Rachel S. (July 29, 2022). "Saltzman nominated to lead Space Force". Defense News. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- ^ Tirpak, John A. (October 18, 2020). "Space Force Grappling with How to Define Readiness". Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- ^ Hitchens, Teresa (November 29, 2021). "Space Force takes first step to establish components in commands from Europe to Asia". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ "General Officer Announcement". United States Department of Defense. July 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b "PN2403 — Lt. Gen. Bradley C. Saltzman — Space Force". United States Congress. September 29, 2022. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Erwin, Sandra (July 28, 2022). "Saltzman tapped to succeed Raymond as chief of the U.S. Space Force". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ Erwin, Sandra (September 13, 2022). "Space Force nominee sees growing threats to U.S. satellites from rival powers". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Hadley, Greg (September 13, 2022). "Saltzman: Space Force Must Invest in Test and Training Technology". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Saltzman, B. Chance (September 13, 2022). Written Statement of Lt Gen B. Chance Saltzman (PDF) (Speech). SASC Confirmation Hearing to be CSO. Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. Retrieved September 14, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Pope, Charles (November 2, 2022). "Saltzman formally elevated to Space Force's highest position – Chief of Space Operations". United States Space Force. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Vincent, Brandi (March 9, 2023). "From Z-grams to C-notes: Inside Gen. Saltzman's unique approach to leading America's digitally focused Space Force". DefenseScoop. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ "CSO releases Lines of Effort". United States Space Force. January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Space Force LOEs" (PDF). airandspaceforces.com. January 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ Gordon, Chris (February 22, 2023). "Saltzman Unveils 'Theory of Success' as Space Force Debates Future". Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ Hadley, Greg (March 7, 2023). "Saltzman Unveils 'Competitive Endurance' Theory to Guide Space Force". Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ Hudson, Lee (May 15, 2023). "'We can do better': Space Force chief says mission statement's a dud". Politico. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ United States Space Force [@SpaceForceDoD] (December 1, 2022). "Our birthday month celebrations have begun!" (Tweet). Retrieved December 2, 2022 – via Twitter. (3rd photo)
External links
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