Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Ammar ibn Yasir (Arabic: عمار ابن ياسر, romanized: ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir; c. 567/570 – July 657) was a companion of Muhammad and a commander in the early Muslim conquests. His parents, Sumayya and Yasir ibn Amir, were the first martyrs of the Ummah. Ammar converted to Islam by the invitation of Abu Bakr and was amongst the muhajirun. After the migration to Medina, he participated in building the Prophet's Mosque and fought in most of the early Muslim expeditions.

He fought in the Ridda wars under Caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and in the Muslim conquest of Iran under Caliph Umar (r. 634–644). Ammar served as governor of Kufa under Umar. Following Uthman's assassination, Ammar became a devout partisan of Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) and died while fighting on Ali's side in the Battle of Siffin.

Ammar belonged to the Malik clan of the Madhhij tribe in Yemen.^[1] Hijaz (current-day Saudi Arabia). He was born in or around the Year of the Elephant,^[1] which was the same year as Muhammad's birth, in Mecca and was one of the intermediaries in Muhammad's marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. His father, Yasir ibn Amir, was from the tribe of Qahtan in Yemen and migrated to Mecca and settled down there after marrying Sumayya, a slave woman; Ammar and his parents, Yasir and Sumayyah, were slaves to Abu Huzaifa, but upon his death, Abu Jahl -who became later one of Islam's most brutal enemies and the infamous torturer of Ammar and his parents- took them over as his slaves. Ammar's trust in and knowledge of Muhammad's credibility, even before his prophethood, encouraged him to follow Muhammad's prophetic visions as one of the earliest converts.^[2][3][4]

Belonging to the Banu Makhzum, Ammar was born in the year 567 to Yasir ibn Amir and Sumayya, both of whom were brutally killed. At an early age, Ammar converted to Islam by the invitation of Abu Bakr, becoming one of the earliest Muslims.^[5][6][7] He became one of the most prominent companions of Muhammad by participating in all of his military conflicts and battles.^[8] Historically, Ammar ibn Yasir was the first Muslim to build a mosque.^[9]

ʿAmmār converted to Islam in 614 or 615 CE .^[5] This coincided with the period when the Quraysh were persecuting the lower-class Muslims.^[10] As Ammar later told his grandson: "I met Suhayb ibn Sinan at the door of the house of Al-Arqam while the Messenger of Allah was in it. I asked him, 'What do you want?' He said to me, 'What do you want?' I answered, 'I want to go to Muhammad and listen to what he says.' He said, 'That is what I want.' We entered and he presented Islam to us and we became Muslim. Then we spent the day until evening and went out concealing ourselves".^[11] Ammar's father, mother and brother also became Muslims, though not at Abu Bakr's invitation.^[12]

When Quraysh knew of the conversion of Yasir's family to Islam, they were among the "victims who were tortured at Mecca to make them recant".^[13] The Makhzum clan used to take out Ammar ibn Yasir with his father and mother in the heat of the day and expose them to the excessively-hot environment of Mecca and torture them in the scorches of the open fire, and Muhammad used to pass by them and say, "Patience, O family of Yasir! Your meeting-place will be Paradise"^[14] and "O fire! Be cool and harmless for ‘Ammar in the same manner in which you became cool and harmless for Ibrahim;” consequently, Ammar had scars on his body from the torture for the rest of his life.^[15][16]

Ammar was tortured "until he did not know what he was saying," as was his friend Suhayb; in that state, he eventually maligned Muhammad and spoke well of the pagan gods. Afterwards he went to Muhammad and confessed his recantation. Muhammad asked, "How do you find your heart?" When Ammar replied that he was still a Muslim in his heart, Muhammad said all was well. A verse of the Qur'an, "someone forced to do it whose heart remains at rest in its faith" (16:106), refers to Ammar.^[17][18] Ammar's mother was murdered by Abu Jahl for her refusal to abandon Islam: she is considered the first Muslim martyr.^[19] The opening verses of Surat Al-Ankabut (chapter 29: The Spider) were revealed in response to this tragic event.^[20]

To escape the torture of the Meccans at the time, it is reported by ibn Saad^[21] and Ibn Ishaq^[22] that Ammar went to Abyssinia in 616.

'Ammar was one of the few warriors who participated in the first major battle in Islam, the Battle of Badr, despite the extraordinary harsh conditions at the time;^[23] dedicatedly, he continued to take part in all the arduous battles with the Muslims even after prophet Muhammad's death.^[8]

Besides his major involvement in Islam's military campaigns, this incident in Muhammad's life proved to be of most importance -historically- to Muslims: while Ammar was participating in building the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, "[and he] came in when they had overloaded him with bricks saying, 'They are killing me. They load me with burdens they can't carry themselves.' Umm Salama the prophet's wife said: I saw the apostle run his hand through is hair--for he was a curly-haired man--and say 'Alas Ibn Sumayya! It is not they who will kill you but a wicked band of men.'...Now he had a stick in his hand and the apostle was angry and said, 'What is wrong between them and Ammar? He invites them to Paradise while they invite him to hell.'"^{[24][25][26][27]} These reports, viewed as valid by both Sunnis and Shi'is, would later be important during the issue of succession and particularly in interpreting Ammar's death in the Battle of Siffin.^{[28][29][30][31]}

Under ʻUmar, he became governor of Kufa, however he was later removed from power.^[32]

During Uthman ibn Affan's election by the shura and before his eventual overthrowal, Ammar warningly predicted the upcoming conflict if anyone but Ali got elected and said that "If you do not want to cause a dispute among the Muslims, you have to give the pledge of allegiance to Ali".^[33] Ammar's relationship with Uthman ibn Affan deteriorated; although the details of their hostilities towards each other are debatable.^[34][35]

Prior to the events of the Battle of the Camel, a shura was set up in an attempt to decide a successor after Uthman's death;^[36] at this meeting, attendees were not in agreement regarding whether retaliation for Uthman's murder was necessary or not. A report of ʻAlqama b. Waqqas al-Laythi of Kinana indicates that Ammar said that they should not seek revenge.^[36] Madelung interprets Ammar's behavior at this meeting indicating his desire to keep Talha from gaining power because Talha was in favor of seeking retaliation. Ammar would not have wanted this since "he had been the most active in inciting the rebels to action".^[36]

As the battle was developing, Ammar continued to show his support for Ali in multiple ways. Ali first sent him along with al-Hasan to Kufa in order to try to rally the Kufans to help during the upcoming battle.^[36] According to one report recorded by al-Tabari, Ammar was questioned upon arrival for participating in Uthman's murder; however, he continued to try to convince the governor, Abu Musa, to take a stance instead of remaining impartial in the conflict.^[37] Al-Tabari reports how Abu Musa had encouraged the Kufans to remain neutral because he did not want to participate in inter-Muslim fighting, and he also believed that the Muslim community still owed their allegiance to Uthman because no new successor had been named. An additional transmission of the same event does not mention Ammar's actions against Uthman and instead focuses on his intentions to sway Abu Musa into action.^[37][38] During the actual battle, Ammar fought on Ali's side. Al-Tabari includes in his history an account^[37] in which al-Zubayr is told that Ammar is fighting alongside Ali, and this knowledge causes al-Zubayr to be fearful because he had been with Muhammad and Ammar when Muhammad had told Ammar that he would be killed by "transgressing group".^[27] Al-Tabari again includes multiple reports of the same event, which in this case is a moment during the battle in which Ammar and al-Zubayr confront each other.^[37] In both accounts Ammar approaches al-Zubayr to attack him, when al-Zubayr speaks. In the report from 'Umar b. Shabbah, al-Zubayr asks Ammar, "Do you want to kill me?"^[37] whereas in that from 'Amir b. Hafs, al-Zubayr asks, "Are you going to kill me, Abu al Yaqzan?"^[37] In both reports, Ammar's response is negative. At the end of the battle, which is successful for Ali's side, Ali orders Ammar and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr to remove Aisha from her camel and bring her to 'Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza I's home in Basrah;^[37] because Al-Tabari repeatedly cites multiple reports from different transmitters, such variations in the consistency of the incidents' details -at that time- renders the reported nature of the consequential meeting of Ammar and ʻA'ishah unclear: for one account displays ʻA'ishah as hostile towards Ammar,^[37] whereas another later report describes the two as being on more amicable terms.^[37]

Ammar died while fighting in the Battle of Siffin on Ali's side. According to al-Mustadrak lil Hakim states that Ammar was slain by the Khawarij in Siffin.^[39]

Ammar occupies a position of the highest prominence amongst Muslims.^[41][42][43] After the death of Muhammad, Ammar remained loyal to Ali and is referred to by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions.^[44] Muslims consider Ammar's ultimate fate to be unique among the fates of Muhammad's companions, for they perceive his death at the Battle of Siffin as the decisive distinguisher between the righteous group and the sinful one in the First Fitna.^[45]

In Shia Islam, Muhammad willed Ammar ibn Yasir as one of the four Sahabas whose guidance should be heeded by Muslims and also being those promised paradise.^[46][47] The Druze religion also venerates Ammar alongside some other companions.^[48]

When Ammar died, Mu'awiya referred to him as "one of Ali's two right hands" with the other being Malik al-Ashtar. Madelung quotes Al-Tabari by reporting what Mu'awiya said to his followers after killing Imam Ali's other loyal companion, Malik al-Ashtar: "Ali b. Abi Talib had two right hands. One of them was cut at Siffin', meaning Ammar b. Yasir, 'and the other today', meaning al-Ashtar".^[36] Despite Muʿāwiya's provocations, ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, the Caliph at the time, highly valued the support of 'Ammar ibn Yasir and Malik al-Ashtar nonetheless.^[49] ʻAli mourned 'Ammar's loss deeply.^[50]

ʿAmmār's shrine, prior to its destruction, was frequently visited and paid tribute to by Muslims.^[51]

Former Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat, was nicknamed "Abu Ammar" after Ammar ibn Yasser.^[52]

The destruction of ʿAmmār's shrine was condemned by Muslims^[53][54] and sparked outrage in various parts of the Muslim world.^[55][56]

• List of Sahabah
• Shia view of Sahaba
• List of expeditions of Muhammad
• Uwais al-Qarani
• First Fitna

• Biography of Ammar bin Yasir