Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

Alumni (sg.: alumnus (MASC) or alumna (FEM)) are former students or graduates of a school, college, or university. The feminine plural alumnae is sometimes used for groups of women, and alums (sg.: alum) or alumns (sg.: alumn) as gender-neutral alternatives. The word comes from Latin, meaning nurslings, pupils or foster children, derived from alere "to nourish".^[1]

The term is not synonymous with "graduates": people can be alumni without graduating, e.g. Burt Reynolds was an alumnus of Florida State University but did not graduate. The term is sometimes used to refer to former employees, former members of an organization, former contributors, or former inmates.^[2][3][4]

The Latin noun alumnus means "foster son" or "pupil". It is derived from the Latin verb alere "to nourish".^[5] Separate, but from the same root, is the adjective almus "nourishing", found in the phrase alma mater, a title for a person's home university.^[6]

In Latin, alumnus is a legal term (Roman law) to describe a child placed in fosterage.^[9] According to John Boswell, the word "is nowhere defined in relation to status, privilege, or obligation."^[10] Citing the research of Henri Leclercq, Teresa Nani, and Beryl Rawson, who studied the many inscriptions about alumni, Boswell concluded that it referred to exposed children who were taken into a household where they were "regarded as somewhere between an heir and a slave, partaking in different ways of both categories." Despite the warmth of feelings between the parent and child, "an alumnus might be treated both as a beloved child and as a household servant."^[11]

An alumnus or alumna is a former student or a graduate of an educational institution (school, college, university).^[12] According to the United States Department of Education, the term alumnae is used in conjunction with either women's colleges^[13] or a female group of students. The term alumni is used in conjunction with either men's colleges, a male group of students, or a mixed group of students:

In accordance with the rules of grammar governing the inflexion of nouns in the Romance languages, the masculine plural alumni is correctly used for groups composed of both sexes: the alumni of Princeton University.^[14]

The term is sometimes informally shortened to "alum" (optional plural "alums").^[15] This is increasingly being used more formally as a gender-neutral alternative.^[5] However, and for this latter purpose, the option "alumn" and "alumns" are also used in some institutions in Australia, Europe and the UK. ^[16]

The words "alum/alums" and "alumn/alumns" (pronounced with a silent "n") are both pronounced with the accent on the second syllable (al-UM), as opposed to the chemical compound alum and its plural, "alums" (pron. AL-um).^[17]

Many universities have alumni offices that coordinate fundraising and offer benefits to registered alumni. Alumni reunions are popular events at many institutions. These may be organized by alumni offices or by alumni associations, and are often social occasions for fundraising. Full membership of alumni associations is sometimes limited just to graduates rather than all alumni, e.g. at Harvard University.^[18] Universities with validation agreements may limit some alumni benefits to graduates who studied at that university rather than at validated institutions.^[19]

In British English, the terms "old boy" or "old girl" are often preferred for a former pupil of a primary or secondary school, while universities refer to their former students as alumni.^[20][21]

Some universities, including the University of Cambridge, the University of California, San Francisco and Yale University, include former postdoctoral researchers as alumni, in recognition of the trainee status of such positions.^[22][23][24] Others, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, consider them 'associate alumni', without full access to alumni benefits.^[25]

• Category:Alumni by educational institution
• Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900
• Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford

• Boswell, John (1988). The Kindness of Strangers:The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 9780226067124.

• The dictionary definition of alumni at Wiktionary