Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature
Achham
अछाम | |
|---|---|
 Baidhyanath Dham | |
 Location of Achham District | |
| Coordinates: 29°6′40.95″N 81°17′55.78″E / 29.1113750°N 81.2988278°E | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Province | Sudurpashchim Province |
| Established | 13 April 1961 (Nepali date: Baishakh 1, 2018)[1] |
| Admin HQ. | Mangalsen |
| Municipality | List |
| Government | |
| • Type | Coordination committee |
| • Body | DCC, Achham |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,692 km2 (653 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
| • Total | 257,477 |
| • Density | 150/km2 (390/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:45 (NPT) |
| Website | Official website |
Achham (Nepali: अछाम जिल्ला pronounced [ʌt͡sʰam] ) is a district located in Sudurpashchim province of Nepal. It is one of the nine districts of the province. The district, with Mangalsen as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 km2 and has a population (2011) of 257,477.[2]
Etymology
There are many cultural meaning about the naming of the district but one interesting folklore is that:
.... during Mughal era in India, most people by fear of Mughal moved to this place. That time this place was good in the production of Mangoes, so when people from North India came here, they said: "Accha Aam" (अच्छा आम) (meaning good mangoes in Hindi) and that "Accha Aam" became "Achham" later.[1]
History
Madan Singh Thapa was the first king of Achham in the 5th century. Achham was a part of Doti Kingdom during medieval era.[3] Nepal annexed Doti in 1790[4] It remained part of Doti District until 1961. On 13 April 1961, Achham district carved out from Doti District and declared a separate district[1]
Geography and Climate
Achham covers an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and located at Latitude: 280°46’ North to 290°23' North and Longitude: 810°32 East to 810°35' East. 90% area of Achham is mid-hill and 10% is high-hill. The maximum elevation of the district is 3,820 metres (12,530 ft) and minimum elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft) from the sea level. The district is surrounded by Bajura District in the North, Doti District in the West, Dailekh District in the East and Surkhet District in the South.[1]
Rivers
The district has 31 rivers in total, the main being the Karnali, Seti, Budhiganga, Ekadi, Kailash Khola, Lungreligad, Pravaligad, Kashagad, Saranigad, Ardoligad, Talagad and Barlegad.[5]
| Climhiate Zone[6] | Elevation Range | % of Area |
|---|---|---|
| Upper Tropical | 300 to 1,000 meters 1,000 to 3,300 ft. |
27.4% |
| Subtropical | 1,000 to 2,000 meters 3,300 to 6,600 ft. |
58.3% |
| Temperate | 2,000 to 3,000 meters 6,400 to 9,800 fters 9,800 to 13,100 ft. |
1.0% |
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Achham District had a population of 257,477, in which female comprises 137,469 (54%) and male comprises 120,008 (46%). Density of the area is 154 people per km2.
As their first language, 66.4% of the population spoke Nepali, 32.5% Achhami, 0.4% Magar, 0.1% Doteli, 0.1% Maithili and 0.3% other languages.[7]
Ethnicity/caste: 55.5% were Chhetri, 16.2% other Dalit, 10.2% Hill Brahmin, 9.5% Kami, 3.1% Damai/Dholi, 2.5% Thakuri, 0.6% Magar, 0.6% Sarki, 0.4% Lohar, 0.3% Badi, 0.2% Bengali, 0.2% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Musalman, 0.1% Tamang, 0.1% Teli, 0.1% other Terai, 0.1% Tharu and 0.2% others.[8]
Religion: 99.4% were Hindu, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.1% Christian and 0.1% Muslim.[9]
Literacy: 55.4% could read and write, 3.9% could only read and 40.6% could neither read nor write.[10]
| Census year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 185,212 | — |
| 1991 | 198,188 | +0.68% |
| 2001 | 231,285 | +1.56% |
| 2011 | 257,477 | +1.08% |
| 2021 | 229,816 | −1.13% |
| Source: Citypopulation[11] | ||
Administration
The district is administered by District Coordination Committee (Legislative), District Administration Office (Executive) and District Court (Judicial) as follows:
| Administration | Name of units | Head |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | District Coordination Committee | |
| Executive | District Administration Office | Mr. Bhojraj Shreshtha |
| Judicial | District Court | Mr. Navin Kumar Joshi |
Administrative Divisions
Accham is divided into total of ten local level bodies, of which four are urban and six are rural.
| # | Name | Nepali | Type | Population (2011) | Area (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mangalsen | मङ्गलसेन | municipality | 32331 | 220.14 |
| 2 | Kamalbazar | कमलबजार | municipality | 23738 | 120.78 |
| 3 | Sanfebagar | साँफेबगर | municipality | 33788 | 166.71 |
| 4 | Panchadewal Binayak | पञ्चदेवल | municipality | 27485 | 147.75 |
| 5 | Ramaroshan | रामारोशन | rural municipality | 25,166 | 173.33 |
| 6 | Chaurpati | चौरपाटी | rural municipality | 25,149 | 182.16 |
| 7 | Turmakhand | तुर्माखाँद | rural municipality | 24,940 | 232.07 |
| 8 | Mellekh | मेल्लेख | rural municipality | 24,670 | 134.78 |
| 9 | Dhakari | ढँकारी | rural municipality | 21,562 | 227.88 |
| 10 | Bannigadi Jayagad | बान्नीगडीजैगड | rural municipality | 17,359 | 58.26 |
Transportation
Achham is one of the remotest districts of Nepal. It is accessible by automobile from Kathmandu and Nepalgunj via a paved road that runs along the western border of Nepal from Dhangadhi. The unpaved road of Mid-Hill Highway through Dailakh district also traverses to Mangalsen by crossing Karnali at Rakam.[12]
Mangalsen, the district headquarters, is an eight-hour walk and a 2.5 hour drive from Sanphebagar – a town in Achham sporting a non-functional domestic airport. A bridge crosses the Budhiganga River in Sanphebagar allowing access during high water, a second bridge over the Kailash River. During 2009/2010, the government of Nepal has constructed a paved road connecting Sanphebagar to Mangalsen. The district is served by two hospitals, the government district hospital in Mangalsen and one recently opened in Bayalpata named Bayalpata Hospital that is a collaboration between the government and the non-profit organization Nyaya Health.[13]
Education
71% of men aged five and above are literate in Achham compared to 75% at the national level, only 43% of such women in the district can read and write (against 57% across Nepal).[5]
FM radio and newspapers
Achham Besd six FM radio and three newspapers are running now. In this district Ramaroshan Daiy.
Newspapers |
FM Radio
|
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "अछाम जिल्लाको संक्षिप्त परिचय" (in Nepali). Achham DCC. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ a b "National Population and Housing Census 2011(National Report)" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Government of Nepal. November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ^ "Deuki Pratha". 15 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ "M. Gaborieau on 7 Bharats recorded in Nepal (1969)". Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ a b "UNDAF District Profile: Achham". United Nation. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ The Map of Potential Vegetation of Nepal - a forestry/agroecological/biodiversity classification system (PDF), . Forest & Landscape Development and Environment Series 2-2005 and CFC-TIS Document Series No.110., 2005, ISBN 87-7903-210-9, retrieved Nov 22, 2013
- ^ NepalMap Language [1]
- ^ NepalMap Caste [2]
- ^ NepalMap Religion [3]
- ^ NepalMap Literacy [4]
- ^ "NEPAL: Administrative Division". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Accham". Far Western nepal. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ "Accham District Nepal". Sudur Sansar. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2013-06-27.
External links
Places adjacent to Achham District | |
|---|---|
Headquarters: Mangalsen | ||
| Urban municipalities | | |
| Rural municipalities | ||
For former VDCs See here | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
