Effects of the storage conditions on the stability of natural and synthetic cannabis in biological matrices for forensic toxicology analysis: An update from the literature

AS Val and VSS Vintorez
VSS (top) equipped with the PSO-1-1 and 10-round magazine. VAL (bottom) with a 20-round magazine
Type	Assault rifle (AS Val)[1] Sniper rifle (VSS Vintorez)[2]
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1987–present
Used by	See Users
Wars	Iraq War[3] Russo-Georgian War Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designer	TsNIITochMash Pyotr Serdyukov and Vladimir Krasnikov
Designed	1980s
Manufacturer	Tula Arms Plant
Produced	1987–present
Variants	ASM and VSSM
Specifications
Mass	2.5 kg (5.51 lb) AS (empty) 3.54 kg (7.80 lb) AS with PSO-1-1 4.95 kg (10.91 lb) AS with 1PN51 2.6 kg (5.73 lb) VSS (empty)
Length	875 mm (34.4 in) AS (stock extended) 615 mm (24.2 in) AS (stock folded) 894 mm (35.2 in) VSS
Barrel length	200 mm (7.9 in)
Cartridge	9×39mm
Action	Gas-operated, closed rotating bolt
Rate of fire	800–900 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity	280–295 m/s
Feed system	10-, 20-, 30-round detachable box magazine (shared with the SR-3M)
Sights	Open sights: Rear notch on tangent (graduated from 100 to 425 m) and front post mounted to suppressor housing "Dovetail mount" for optics

The AS Val "Shaft" (Russian: АС «Вал»; Автома́т Специа́льный, romanized: Avtomát Spetsiálny "Val", lit. 'Special Automatic')^[4] and VSS Vintorez "Thread Cutter" (Russian: ВСС «Винторе́з» Винто́вка Сна́йперская Специа́льная, romanized: Vintóvka Snáyperskaya Spetsiálnaya "Vintorez", lit. 'Special "Sniper" Rifle'),^[5] 6P30 and 6P29 (GRAU designation) respectively, were a Soviet-designed assault rifle featuring an integral suppressor based on the prototype RG-036 completed in 1981 by TsNIITochMash.^[6] The two rifles hereafter are referred to as the Vintorez and Val. The Vintorez (beginning in 1983) and Val (beginning in 1985) were developed by TsNIITochMash to replace modified general-purpose firearms, such as the AKS-74UB, BS-1, APB, and PB, for clandestine operations, much like the PSS Vul. Manufacturing began at the Tula Arms Plant after its adoption by the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union in 1987.

The ASM (6P30M) and VSSM (6P29M) are modernized variants of the AS and VSS respectively The VSSM is equipped with an aluminium buttstock with an adjustable cheek and butt pad and a new 30-round magazine was introduced to be intended for use with the ASM. Both rifles are also outfitted with a Picatinny rail on the top of the dust cover and on the sides and bottom of the suppressor, forward of the handguard. The mounts which shroud the suppressor can be removed. Deliveries began in 2018.^[7]

The AS Val and VSS Vintorez are integrally suppressed and chambered for the 9×39mm subsonic cartridge. Four rows of nine holes are drilled in the barrel which follow the rifling and allows gas to escape the barrel behind the projectile into the expansion chamber which surrounds the barrel and extends ~20 cm forward of the end of the barrel where three baffles are located. The baffles are stamped out of a single sheet ~1 mm thickness and welded to a removable frame which is pressed against the front of the suppressor housing by a spring placed between the baffle assembly and the end of the barrel. The suppressor effectively reduces muzzle flash and muzzle report of the firearm to 130 dB. There are no design features which reduce the noise of the action.

Manipulation is similar to many AK-type rifles: charging handle on the right side, tangent rear sight, magazine release button behind the magazine well, and safety lever above the trigger guard. The fire selector is, however, located behind the trigger within the trigger guard. The rifle also has an "AK-type" Warsaw Pact rail for various optical sights, namely the PSO-1-1, PSO-1M2-1, and 1-PN-51 calibrated for use with the 9x39mm cartridge. The standard open sights are graduated from 100 to 425 m in 25 m increments.

The action is also similar to that of AK-type rifles with a similar long-stroke gas system with the piston located above the barrel. However, the design characteristically uses a rotating bolt with six locking lugs and a milled steel receiver. The AS and VSS share the same standard 10 or 20-round double-stack detachable box magazines and are compatible with the 30-round magazine of the SR-3M. Many of the components are shared between the AS and VSS with the main discrepancy being the fixed wooden buttstock on the VSS and tubular metal buttstock which folds to the left on the AS. The AS can be fired with the stock folded but the mounting of an optic will not allow the buttstock to close completely (like many other rifles with similar mounting solutions for optics). The handguard, pistol grip, and magazines are made of a synthetic polymer.

Both the AS Val and VSS Vintorez can be disassembled to fit into a special compact case for transportation.

The SR-3 Vikhr (Russian: СР-3 «Вихрь», romanized: Spetsialnaya Razrabotka "Vikhr", lit. 'Special Development') was designed for improved concealability by replacing the stock and omitting the integral suppressor and charging handle. The design process began in 1989, manufacturing began in 1994, and the rifle was adopted in 1996.

• The SR-3M is a modernized variant of the SR-3 that replaces the original SR-3 stock with one similar to the AS Val and introduced a new 30-round backwards compatible magazine. The handguard was also redesigned to include the rear sight and a folding foregrip.
• The SR-3MP is a further modernization of the SR-3M which allows for the folding stock to be mounted at the base of the pistol grip for users wearing helmets with face shields or head-mounted night vision devices. The handguard was also redesigned to include two picatinny rails on the sides.

The 9A-91 and VSK-94 (Russian: ВСК-94 Войсковой Снайперский Комплекс, romanized: Voyskovoy Snayperskiy Kompleks, lit. 'Military Sniper Complex') are cost-reducing redesigns of the two rifles by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau completed in 1992 which also omit the integrated suppressor. Manufacturing began in 1994.

• 
  An SR-3 Vikhr with the 20-round AS Val magazine
• 
  An SR-3MP with the buttstock equipped at the bottom rail of the pistol grip
• 
  A 9A-91 compact assault rifle
• 
  A VSK-94 with a PSO-1

•  Armenia: a small quantity of weapons were received from Russia among other arms before 2014.^[8]
•  Belarus: Used by various special forces.^[9]
•  Georgia: used by army and police special forces,^[10] some configured with Aimpoint and Kobra red dot sights.^[11]
•  India: Used by MARCOS^[12]

•  Russia: Special forces,^[13] Federal Security Service (FSB)^[14] and OMON.^{[15][16][17][18][19]}
•  Ukraine: Used by SBU Alpha Group.^[20]
•  Cuba: Used by the Mobile Brigade of Special Troops^[21]

•  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria^[22]
•  Soviet Union^[14]

• AMB-17
• OTs-14 Groza