Design of generalized search interfaces for health informatics
Contents
Athletics 200 metres | |
---|---|
World records | |
Men | Usain Bolt (JAM) 19.19 (2009) |
Women | Florence Griffith-Joyner (USA) 21.34 (1988) |
Short track world records | |
Men | Frankie Fredericks (NAM) 19.92 (1996) |
Women | Merlene Ottey (JAM) 21.87 (1993) |
Olympic records | |
Men | Usain Bolt (JAM) 19.30 (2008) |
Women | Florence Griffith-Joyner (USA) 21.34 (1988) |
World Championship records | |
Men | Usain Bolt (JAM) 19.19 (2009) |
Women | Shericka Jackson (JAM) 21.41 (2023) |
World junior (U20) records | |
Men | Erriyon Knighton (USA) 19.49 (2022) |
Women | Christine Mboma (NAM) 21.78 (2021) |
The 200 metres, or 200-meter dash, is a sprint running event. On an outdoor 400 metre racetrack, the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight, so a combination of techniques is needed to successfully run the race. A slightly shorter race, called the stadion and run on a straight track, was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games. The 200 m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes predominantly rely on anaerobic energy system during the 200 m sprint. Similarly to other sprint distances, the 200 m begins from the starting blocks. When the sprinters adopt the 'set' position in the blocks they are able to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles. This enables them to stride forwards more powerfully when the race begins and start faster.
In the United States and elsewhere, athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash (201.168 m) instead of the 200 m (218.723 yards), though the distance is now obsolete. The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200 m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds,[1] but other conversion methods exist. Another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight, which was run on tracks that contained such a straight. Initially, when the International Amateur Athletic Association (now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations) started to ratify world records in 1912, only records set on a straight track were eligible for consideration. In 1951, the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track. In 1976, the straight record was discarded.
The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1948 for women. The race attracts runners from other events, primarily the 100 metres, wishing to double up and claim both titles. This feat has been achieved by men eleven times at the Olympic Games: by Archie Hahn in 1904, Ralph Craig in 1912, Percy Williams in 1928, Eddie Tolan in 1932, Jesse Owens in 1936, Bobby Morrow in 1956, Valeriy Borzov in 1972, Carl Lewis in 1984, and most recently by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2008, 2012, and 2016. The double has been accomplished by women eight times: by Fanny Blankers-Koen in 1948, Marjorie Jackson in 1952, Betty Cuthbert in 1956, Wilma Rudolph in 1960, Renate Stecher in 1972, Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988, and Elaine Thompson-Herah in 2016 and 2021. Marion Jones finished first in both races in 2000 but was later disqualified and stripped of her medals after admitting to taking performance-enhancing drugs. An Olympic double of 200 m and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Michael Johnson from the United States and Marie-José Pérec of France both in 1996. Usain Bolt is the only man to repeat as Olympic champion, Bärbel Wöckel (née Eckert), Veronica Campbell-Brown and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the three women who have repeated as Olympic champion.
The men's world record holder is Usain Bolt of Jamaica, who ran 19.19 s at the 2009 World Championships. The women's world record holder is Florence Griffith-Joyner of the United States, who ran 21.34 s at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The reigning Olympic champions are Letsile Tebogo (BOT) and Gabrielle Thomas (USA). The reigning World Champions are Noah Lyles (USA) and Shericka Jackson (JAM).
Races run with an aiding wind measured over 2.0 metres per second are not acceptable for record purposes.
Continental records
Area | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | Time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | |
Africa (records) | 19.46 | +0.4 | Letsile Tebogo | Botswana | 21.81 | +0.8 | Christine Mboma | Namibia |
Asia (records) | 19.88 | +0.9 | Xie Zhenye | China | 22.01 | 0.0 | Li Xuemei | China |
Europe (records) | 19.72[A] | +1.8 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 21.63 | +0.2 | Dafne Schippers | Netherlands |
North, Central America and Caribbean (records) |
19.19 WR | −0.3 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica | 21.34 WR | +1.3 | Florence Griffith-Joyner | United States |
Oceania (records) | 20.06[A] | +0.9 | Peter Norman | Australia | 22.23 | +0.8 | Melinda Gainsford-Taylor | Australia |
South America (records) | 19.81 | −0.3 | Alonso Edward | Panama | 22.48 | +1.0 | Ana Cláudia Lemos | Brazil |
Notes
- A Represents a mark set at a high altitude.
All-time top 25
Outdoor tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 200m times and the top 25 athletes: |
- denotes top performance for athletes in the top 25 200m times |
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 200m times, by repeat athletes |
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 200m times |
Men (outdoor)
Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Reaction (s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 19.19 | −0.3 | 0.133 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica | 20 August 2009 | Berlin | [6][7] |
2 | 2 | 19.26 | +0.7 | 0.269 | Yohan Blake | Jamaica | 16 September 2011 | Brussels | [8][9] |
3 | 19.30 | −0.9 | 0.182 | Bolt #2 | 20 August 2008 | Beijing | [10] | ||
3 | 4 | 19.31 | +0.4 | 0.141 | Noah Lyles | United States | 21 July 2022 | Eugene | [11][12] |
4 | 5 | 19.32 | +0.4 | 0.161 | Michael Johnson | United States | 1 August 1996 | Atlanta | [13] |
6 | 19.32 | +0.4 | 0.180 | Bolt #3 | 9 August 2012 | London | [14] | ||
7 | 19.40 | +0.8 | 0.193 | Bolt #4 | 3 September 2011 | Daegu | [15] | ||
8 | 19.44 | +0.4 | 0.172 | Blake #2 | 9 August 2012 | London | [14] | ||
9 | 19.46 | +0.8 | 0.199 | Lyles #2 | 10 August 2022 | Monaco | [16] | ||
5 | 10 | 19.46 | +0.4 | 0.162 | Letsile Tebogo | Botswana | 8 August 2024 | Saint-Denis | [17] |
11 | 19.47 | +1.6 | 0.157 | Lyles #3 | 23 July 2023 | London | [18] | ||
6 | 12 | 19.49 | +1.4 | Erriyon Knighton | United States | 30 April 2022 | Baton Rouge | [19] | |
13 | 19.50 | +1.6 | 0.170 | Tebogo #2 | 23 July 2023 | London | [18] | ||
−0.1 | 0.147 | Lyles #4 | 5 July 2019 | Lausanne | [20] | ||||
15 | 19.52 | +1.5 | 0.142 | Lyles #5 | 21 August 2021 | Eugene | [21] | ||
−0.6 | 0.164 | Lyles #6 | 8 September 2022 | Zürich | [22] | ||||
−0.2 | 0.144 | Lyles #7 | 25 August 2023 | Budapest | [23] | ||||
7 | 18 | 19.53 | +0.7 | 0.185 | Walter Dix | United States | 16 September 2011 | Brussels | [9] |
18 | 19.53 | +0.5 | Lyles #8 | 29 June 2024 | Eugene | [24] | |||
20 | 19.54 | ±0.0 | 0.165 | Blake #3 | 7 September 2012 | Brussels | [25] | ||
21 | 19.55 | −0.1 | 0.147 | Bolt #5 | 27 August 2015 | Beijing | [26] | ||
+0.4 | 0.148 | Tebogo #3 | 5 September 2024 | Zurich | [27] | ||||
23 | 19.56 | −0.8 | Bolt #6 | 1 May 2010 | Kingston | ||||
+1.3 | 0.182 | Lyles #9 | 26 August 2022 | Lausanne | [28] | ||||
25 | 19.57 | ±0.0 | Bolt #7 | 4 September 2009 | Brussels | ||||
8 | 25 | 19.57 | +0.4 | 0.177 | Justin Gatlin | United States | 28 June 2015 | Eugene | [29] |
0.182 | Kenny Bednarek | United States | 5 September 2024 | Zurich | [30] | ||||
10 | 19.58 | +1.3 | Tyson Gay | United States | 30 May 2009 | New York City | |||
11 | 19.62 | −0.5 | 0.135 | Andre De Grasse | Canada | 4 August 2021 | Tokyo | [31] | |
12 | 19.63 | +0.4 | Xavier Carter | United States | 11 July 2006 | Lausanne | |||
+1.2 | Reynier Mena | Cuba | 3 July 2022 | La Chaux-de-Fonds | [32] | ||||
14 | 19.65 | ±0.0 | Wallace Spearmon | United States | 28 September 2006 | Daegu | |||
15 | 19.68 | +0.4 | Frankie Fredericks | Namibia | 1 August 1996 | Atlanta | |||
16 | 19.69[A] | −0.5 | Clarence Munyai | South Africa | 16 March 2018 | Pretoria | [33] | ||
17 | 19.70 | +0.7 | Michael Norman | United States | 6 June 2019 | Rome | [34] | ||
18 | 19.71[A] | –1.5 | Courtney Lindsey | United States | 20 April 2024 | Nairobi | [35] | ||
19 | 19.72[A] | +1.8 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 12 September 1979 | Mexico City | |||
20 | 19.73 | −0.2 | Michael Marsh | United States | 5 August 1992 | Barcelona | |||
+0.8 | Divine Oduduru | Nigeria | 7 June 2019 | Austin | [36] | ||||
+1.6 | 0.130 | Zharnel Hughes | Great Britain | 23 July 2023 | London | [37] | |||
23 | 19.74 | +1.4 | LaShawn Merritt | United States | 8 July 2016 | Eugene | [38] | ||
24 | 19.75 | +1.5 | Carl Lewis | United States | 19 June 1983 | Indianapolis | |||
+1.7 | Joe DeLoach | United States | 28 September 1988 | Seoul | |||||
+0.3 | Steven Gardiner | Bahamas | 7 April 2018 | Coral Gables | [39] | ||||
+1.0 | Tarsis Orogot | Uganda | 11 May 2024 | Gainesville | [40] |
Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 19.70). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:
- Kenny Bednarek ran 19.49 A (+6.1 m/s) in Hobbs, New Mexico on 17 May 2019.[41]
- Andre De Grasse ran 19.58 (+2.4 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 12 June 2015.
- Tarsis Orogot ran 19.60 (+2.9 m/s) in Gainesville, Florida on 14 April 2023.
- Robert Gregory ran 19.60 (+4.8 m/s) in Jacksonville, Florida on 26 May 2023.
- Leroy Burrell ran 19.61 (+4.1 m/s) in College Station, Texas on 19 May 1990. Until 1 August 1996, it was the best performance in any condition.[42]
- Terrance Laird ran 19.64 A (+5.6 m/s) in Hobbs, New Mexico on 17 May 2019.[43]
Women (outdoor)
Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Reaction (s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 21.34 | +1.3 | 0.205 | Florence Griffith-Joyner | United States | 29 September 1988 | Seoul | [46] |
2 | 2 | 21.41 | +0.1 | 0.161 | Shericka Jackson | Jamaica | 25 August 2023 | Budapest | [47] |
3 | 21.45 | +0.6 | 0.144 | Jackson #2 | 21 July 2022 | Eugene | [48][49] | ||
4 | 21.48 | +0.2 | 0.161 | Jackson #3 | 8 September 2023 | Brussels | [50] | ||
3 | 5 | 21.53 | +0.8 | 0.173 | Elaine Thompson-Herah | Jamaica | 3 August 2021 | Tokyo | [51] |
6 | 21.55 | ±0.0 | Jackson #4 | 26 June 2022 | Kingston | [52] | |||
7 | 21.56 | +1.7 | 0.156 | Griffith-Joyner #2 | 29 September 1988 | Seoul | [46] | ||
8 | 21.57 | +0.3 | 0.152 | Jackson #5 | 17 September 2023 | Eugene | [53] | ||
4 | 9 | 21.60 | −0.4 | 0.173 | Gabrielle Thomas | United States | 9 July 2023 | Eugene | [54] |
10 | 21.61 | +1.3 | Thomas #2 | 26 June 2021 | Eugene | ||||
5 | 11 | 21.62[A] | −0.6 | 0.258 | Marion Jones | United States | 11 September 1998 | Johannesburg | [46] |
6 | 12 | 21.63 | +0.2 | 0.149 | Dafne Schippers | Netherlands | 28 August 2015 | Beijing | [55][46] |
7 | 13 | 21.64 | +0.8 | Merlene Ottey | Jamaica | 13 September 1991 | Brussels | ||
14 | 21.66 | −1.0 | Ottey #2 | 15 August 1990 | Zürich | ||||
+0.2 | 0.195 | Thompson-Herah #2 | 28 August 2015 | Beijing | [56] | ||||
+0.3 | 0.165 | Thompson-Herah #3 | 2 August 2021 | Tokyo | [57] | ||||
17 | 21.67 | +2.0 | 0.137 | Jackson #6 | 19 July 2022 | Eugene | [58] | ||
8 | 18 | 21.69 | +1.0 | Allyson Felix | United States | 30 June 2012 | Eugene | [59] | |
9 | 19 | 21.71 | +0.7 | Marita Koch | East Germany | 10 June 1979 | Karl-Marx-Stadt | ||
19 | 21.71 | +0.3 | Koch #2 | 21 July 1984 | Potsdam | ||||
9 | 19 | 21.71 | +1.2 | 0.190 | Heike Drechsler | East Germany | 29 June 1986 | Jena | [46] |
22 | 21.71 | −0.8 | Drechsler #2 | 29 August 1986 | Stuttgart | ||||
−0.5 | Jackson #7 | 9 July 2023 | Kingston | [60] | |||||
11 | 24 | 21.72 | +1.3 | 0.195 | Grace Jackson | Jamaica | 29 September 1988 | Seoul | [46] |
−0.1 | Gwen Torrence | United States | 5 August 1992 | Barcelona | |||||
13 | 21.74 | +0.4 | Marlies Göhr | East Germany | 3 June 1984 | Erfurt | |||
+1.2 | 0.155 | Silke Gladisch | East Germany | 3 September 1987 | Rome | [46] | |||
+0.6 | 0.172 | Veronica Campbell-Brown | Jamaica | 21 August 2008 | Beijing | [46] | |||
−0.4 | 0.143 | Shaunae Miller-Uibo | Bahamas | 29 August 2019 | Zürich | [61][46] | |||
17 | 21.75 | −0.1 | Juliet Cuthbert | Jamaica | 5 August 1992 | Barcelona | |||
18 | 21.77 | +0.6 | Inger Miller | United States | 27 August 1999 | Seville | |||
+1.5 | Tori Bowie | United States | 27 May 2017 | Eugene | [62] | ||||
−0.3 | Abby Steiner | United States | 26 June 2022 | Eugene | |||||
21 | 21.78 | +0.6 | Christine Mboma | Namibia | 9 September 2021 | Zürich | [63] | ||
22 | 21.79 | +0.8 | Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce | Jamaica | 27 June 2021 | Kingston | [64] | ||
23 | 21.81 | −0.1 | Valerie Brisco-Hooks | United States | 9 August 1984 | Los Angeles | |||
24 | 21.83 | −0.2 | Evelyn Ashford | United States | 24 August 1979 | Montreal | |||
+1.0 | McKenzie Long | United States | 8 June 2024 | Eugene | [65] |
Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 21.80). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:
- Sha'Carri Richardson ran 21.61 (+2.6 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 8 July 2023.
- Tamara Clark ran 21.72 (+3.1 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 26 March 2022.
- Julien Alfred ran 21.73 (+2.5 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 10 June 2023
- Kimberlyn Duncan ran 21.80 (+3.2 m/s) in Des Moines, Iowa on 23 June 2013.
Men (indoor)
- Updated February 2024.[66]
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 20.30:
- Frankie Fredericks also ran 20.10 (1999), 20.18 (1999) and 20.26 (1995).
- Wallace Spearmon also ran 20.10 (2005), 20.19 (2008) and 20.21 (2005).
- Divine Oduduru also ran 20.18 (2018) and 20.21 (2018).
- Matthew Boling also ran 20.19 (2021) and 20.27 (2022).
- Tarsis Orogot also ran 20.20 A (2023 x 2).
- Trayvon Bromell also ran 20.23 (2015).
- Terrence Jones also ran 20.23 (2024).
- Elijah Hall also ran 20.26 (2018).
- Robert Gregory also ran 20.27 A (2023).
- Terrance Laird also ran 20.28 (2021).
- Cameron Miller also ran 20.29 A (2023).
- Shawn Crawford also ran 20.30 (2002).
Women (indoor)
- Updated March 2024.[85]
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 22.46:
- Irina Privalova also ran 22.15 (1993), 22.16 (1994), 22.26 (1992), 22.32 (1995), 22.36 (1992), 22.41 (1991) and 22.45 (1991).
- Abby Steiner also ran 22.16 (2022), 22.37 (2022), 22.38 (2021), 22.41 (2021) and 22.45 (2022).
- Julien Alfred also ran 22.16 (2024), 22.26 (2023), 22.28 A (2024).
- Favour Ofili also ran 22.20 A (2023), 22.36 (2023) and 22.46 (2022).
- Merlene Ottey also twice ran 22.24 (1991), 22.34 (1989) and 22.37 (1991).
- JaMeesia Ford also ran 22.36 (2024), 22.45 (2024).
- Veronica Campbell-Brown also ran 22.43 (2004).
- Autumn Wilson also ran 22.45 A (2023).
Olympic medalists
Men
Women
World Championships medalists
Men
Medalists by country
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States (USA) | 11 | 7 | 8 | 26 |
2 | Jamaica (JAM) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
3 | Namibia (NAM) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
4 | Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Greece (GRE) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Turkey (TUR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
6 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
7 | Panama (PAN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
8 | Botswana (BOT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ecuador (ECU) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Japan (JPN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Nigeria (NGR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Women
Medalists by country
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jamaica (JAM) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 17 |
2 | United States (USA) | 4 | 9 | 2 | 15 |
3 | East Germany (GDR) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
4 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
6 | Bahamas (BAH) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |
7 | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
8 | Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
9 | Sri Lanka (SRI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
10 | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
11 | Cayman Islands (CAY) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Nigeria (NGR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
World Indoor Championships medalists
Men
Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
1985 Paris[A] | Aleksandr Yevgenyev (URS) | Ade Mafe (GBR) | João Batista da Silva (BRA) |
1987 Indianapolis |
Kirk Baptiste (USA) | Bruno Marie-Rose (FRA) | Robson da Silva (BRA) |
1989 Budapest |
John Regis (GBR) | Ade Mafe (GBR) | Kevin Little (USA) |
1991 Seville |
Nikolay Antonov (BUL) | Linford Christie (GBR) | Ade Mafe (GBR) |
1993 Toronto |
James Trapp (USA) | Damien Marsh (AUS) | Kevin Little (USA) |
1995 Barcelona |
Geir Moen (NOR) | Troy Douglas (BER) | Sebastián Keitel (CHI) |
1997 Paris |
Kevin Little (USA) | Iván García (CUB) | Francis Obikwelu (NGR) |
1999 Maebashi |
Frankie Fredericks (NAM) | Obadele Thompson (BAR) | Kevin Little (USA) |
2001 Lisbon |
Shawn Crawford (USA) | Christian Malcolm (GBR) | Patrick van Balkom (NED) |
2003 Birmingham |
Marlon Devonish (GBR) | Joseph Batangdon (CMR) | Dominic Demeritte (BAH) |
2004 Budapest |
Dominic Demeritte (BAH) | Johan Wissman (SWE) | Tobias Unger (GER) |
Women
Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
1985 Paris[A] | Marita Koch (GDR) | Marie-Christine Cazier (FRA) | Kim Robertson (NZL) |
1987 Indianapolis |
Heike Drechsler (GDR) | Merlene Ottey-Page (JAM) | Grace Jackson (JAM) |
1989 Budapest |
Merlene Ottey (JAM) | Grace Jackson (JAM) | Natalya Kovtun (URS) |
1991 Seville |
Merlene Ottey (JAM) | Irina Sergeyeva (URS) | Grit Breuer (GER) |
1993 Toronto |
Irina Privalova (RUS) | Melinda Gainsford (AUS) | Natalya Voronova (RUS) |
1995 Barcelona |
Melinda Gainsford (AUS) | Pauline Davis (BAH) | Natalya Voronova (RUS) |
1997 Paris |
Ekaterini Koffa (GRE) | Juliet Cuthbert (JAM) | Svetlana Goncharenko (RUS) |
1999 Maebashi |
Ionela Târlea (ROU) | Svetlana Goncharenko (RUS) | Pauline Davis (BAH) |
2001 Lisbon |
Juliet Campbell (JAM) | LaTasha Jenkins (USA) | Natalya Vinogradova-Safronnikova (BLR) |
2003 Birmingham |
Muriel Hurtis-Houairi (FRA) | Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (RUS) | Juliet Campbell (JAM) |
2004 Budapest |
Natallia Safronnikava (BLR) | Svetlana Goncharenko (RUS) | Karin Mayr-Krifka (AUT) |
- A Known as the World Indoor Games
Season's best
Men
|
Women
|
References
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