Cybersecurity and privacy risk assessment of point-of-care systems in healthcare: A use case approach

The Heavy Press Program was a Cold War-era program of the United States Air Force to build the largest forging presses and extrusion presses in the world. These machines greatly enhanced the US defense industry's capacity to forge large complex components out of light alloys, such as magnesium and aluminum. The program began in 1944^[1] and concluded in 1957 after construction of four forging presses and six extruders, at an overall cost of $279 million. Six of them are still in operation today, manufacturing structural parts for military and commercial aircraft. They still hold the records for size in North America, though they have since been surpassed by presses in Japan, France, Russia and China.^[2][3]

The program produced ten machines, listed below.

The Heavy Press Program was motivated by experiences from World War II. Nazi Germany held the largest heavy die forging presses during the war, and translated this advantage into high performance jet fighters. Because of the shortage of aluminum, German aircraft manufacturers used forged magnesium structural components, formed to shape in closed-die hydraulic presses. After finding this, in 1944, the Federal Government asked Wyman-Gordon for assistance, and this program evolved into the Heavy Press Program. Work was started on an 18,000 ton press, built by Mesta Machinery, which was completed in 1946 at the Wyman-Gordon Grafton Plant. Post-war, the Soviet Union captured the largest German press to survive the war, with a capacity of 33,000 ton, and were suspected to have seized the designs for an even larger 55,000 ton press. The next two largest units were captured by the United States and brought across the Atlantic Ocean, but they were half the size at 16,500 ton. As Cold War fears developed, American strategists worried that this would give the Soviet Air Force a crucial advantage and designed the Heavy Press Program to help win the arms race.^[1][4][5][6]

Seventeen presses were originally planned with an expected cost of $389 million, but the project was scaled back to 10 presses in 1953.^[7]

Air Force Lieutenant General Kenneth B. Wolfe was the primary advocate for the Heavy Press Program. Alexander Zeitlin was another prominent figure of the program.

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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated the 50,000-ton Alcoa and Wyman-Gordon presses as Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks. The Alcoa press weighs 8,000 tons and is 87 feet (27 meters) tall. The die table is 26 by 12 feet (7.9 by 3.7 meters), and the maximum stroke is 6 feet (1.8 meters).^[13]

• United States Air Force (1956). The Air Force Heavy Press Program. YouTube. Retrieved 2021-02-07.