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For other people with similar names, see Sam Shepard (disambiguation).

Sam Shepard
Shepard in 2004
Born
Samuel Shepard Rogers III

(1943-11-05)November 5, 1943
Fort Sheridan, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJuly 27, 2017(2017-07-27) (aged 73)
Midway, Kentucky, U.S.
EducationMt. San Antonio College
Occupations
  • Playwright
  • actor
  • director
  • screenwriter
  • author
Years active1963–2017
WorksFilmography
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1969; div. 1984)​
PartnerJessica Lange (1982–2009)
Children3
AwardsSee full list
Signature

Samuel Shepard Rogers III (November 5, 1943 – July 27, 2017) was an American playwright, actor, director, screenwriter, and author whose career spanned half a century.[1] He wrote 58 plays as well as several books of short stories, essays, and memoirs. He won 10 Obie Awards for writing and directing, the most by any writer or director. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. He received the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009. New York magazine described Shepard as "the greatest American playwright of his generation."[2]

Shepard's plays are known for their bleak, poetic, surrealist elements, black comedy, and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3] His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class.[4]

Early life

Sam Shepard was born on November 5, 1943, in the Chicago suburb of Fort Sheridan, Illinois.[5] He was named Samuel Shepard Rogers III after his father, Samuel Shepard Rogers Jr. (1917–1984),[6] but was called Steve Rogers.[7]

His father was a teacher and farmer who served in the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber pilot during World War II. Shepard characterized his father as "a drinking man, a dedicated alcoholic".[8] His mother, Jane Elaine (née Schook; 1917–1994), was a teacher and a native of Chicago.[9]

Shepard grew up in southern California. He worked on a ranch as a teenager. After graduating from Duarte High School in Duarte, California, in 1961, he briefly studied animal husbandry at nearby Mt. San Antonio College.[8][10] While at college, Shepard became enamored of Samuel Beckett, jazz, and abstract expressionism. He dropped out to join the Bishop's Company, a touring repertory group.

Career

Writing

Shepard at age 21

Shepard moved to New York City in 1963 and found work as a busboy at the Village Gate nightclub. The following year, the Village Gate's head waiter, Ralph Cook, founded the experimental stage company Theater Genesis, housed at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in Manhattan. Two of Shepard's earliest one-act plays, The Rock Garden and Cowboys, debuted at Theater Genesis in October 1964. It was around this time that he adopted the professional name Sam Shepard.[11]

In 1965, Shepard's one-act plays Dog and The Rocking Chair were produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club.[12] These were the first of many productions of Shepard's work at La MaMa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1967, Tom O'Horgan directed Shepard's Melodrama Play alongside Leonard Melfi's Times Square and Rochelle Owens' Futz at La MaMa.[13] In 1969, Jeff Bleckner directed Shepard's play The Unseen Hand at La MaMa.[14] Bleckner then directed The Unseen Hand alongside Forensic and the Navigators at the nearby Astor Place Theatre in 1970.[15]

Shepard's play Shaved Splits was directed at La MaMa in 1970 by Bill Hart.[16] Seth Allen directed Melodrama Play at La MaMa the following year.[17] In 1981, Tony Barsha directed The Unseen Hand at La MaMa. The production then transferred to the Provincetown Playhouse and ran for over 100 performances.[18] Syracuse Stage co-produced The Tooth of Crime at La MaMa in 1983.[19] Also in 1983, the Overtone Theatre and New Writers at the Westside co-produced Shepard's plays Superstitions and The Sad Lament of Pecos Bill on the Eve of Killing His Wife at La MaMa.[20] John Densmore performed in his own play Skins and Shepard and Joseph Chaikin's play Tongues, directed as a double bill by Tony Abatemarco, at La MaMa in 1984.[21] Nicholas Swyrydenko directed a production of Geography of a Horse Dreamer at La MaMa in 1985.[22]

Several of Shepard's early plays, including Red Cross (1966) and La Turista (1967), were directed by Jacques Levy. A patron of the Chelsea Hotel scene, he also contributed to Kenneth Tynan's Oh! Calcutta! (1969) and drummed sporadically from 1967 through 1971 with the band The Holy Modal Rounders, appearing on their albums Indian War Whoop (1967) and The Moray Eels Eat The Holy Modal Rounders (1968). After winning six Obie Awards between 1966 and 1968, Shepard emerged as a screenwriter with Robert Frank's Me and My Brother (1968) and Michelangelo Antonioni's Zabriskie Point (1970).

Cowboy Mouth, a collaboration with his then-lover Patti Smith, was staged at The American Place Theatre in April 1971, providing early exposure for Smith, who would become a well-known musician. The story and characters in Cowboy Mouth were inspired by Shepard and Smith's relationship. After opening night, he abandoned the production and fled to New England without a word to anyone involved.[23]

Shortly thereafter, Shepard relocated with his wife and son to London. While in London, he immersed himself in the study of G.I. Gurdjieff's Fourth Way, a recurring preoccupation for much of his life. Returning to the United States in 1975, he moved to the 20-acre Flying Y Ranch in Mill Valley, California, where he raised a young colt named Drum and rode double with his young son on an appaloosa named Cody.[24][25][26][27][28] Shepard continued to write plays and served for a semester as Regents' Professor of Drama at the University of California, Davis.

Shepard accompanied Bob Dylan on the Rolling Thunder Revue of 1975 as the screenwriter for Renaldo and Clara that emerged from the tour. However, because much of the film was improvised, Shepard's work was seldom used. Rolling Thunder Logbook, his diary of the tour, was published in 1978. A decade later, Dylan and Shepard co-wrote the 11-minute song "Brownsville Girl", included on Dylan's 1986 album Knocked Out Loaded and on later compilations.

In 1975, Shepard was named playwright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco, where he created many of his notable works, including his Family Trilogy. One of the plays in the trilogy, Buried Child (1978), won the Pulitzer Prize, and was nominated for five Tony Awards.[29] This marked a major turning point in his career, heralding some of his best-known work, including True West (1980), Fool for Love (1983), and A Lie of the Mind (1985). A comic tale of reunion, in which a young man drops in on his grandfather's Illinois farmstead only to be greeted with indifference by his relations, Buried Child saw Shepard stake a claim to the psychological terrain of classic American theater. True West and Fool for Love were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.[30][31] Some critics have expanded the trilogy to a quintet, including Fool for Love and A Lie of the Mind. Shepard won a record-setting ten Obie Awards for writing and directing between 1966 and 1984.

In 2010, A Lie of the Mind was revived in New York at the same time as Shepard's new play Ages of the Moon opened there.[32] Reflecting on the two plays, Shepard said that the older play felt "awkward", adding, "All of the characters are in a fractured place, broken into pieces, and the pieces don't really fit together," while the newer play "is like a Porsche. It's sleek, it does exactly what you want it to do, and it can speed up but also shows off great brakes."[33] The revival and the new play also coincided with the publication of Shepard's collection Day out of Days: Stories.[34] The book includes "short stories, poems and narrative sketches... that developed from dozens of leather-bound notebooks [Shepard] carried with him over the years."[33]

Acting

Shepard began his film acting career when cast in a major role as the land baron in Terrence Malick's Days of Heaven (1978), opposite Richard Gere and Brooke Adams.[30] This led to other film roles, including that of Cal, Ellen Burstyn's character's love interest in Resurrection (1980), and, most notably, Shepard's portrayal of Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff (1983). The latter performance earned Shepard an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. By 1986, Fool for Love was adapted by Robert Altman with Shepard in the lead role; A Lie of the Mind was being performed Off Broadway (with Harvey Keitel and Geraldine Page); and Shepard was working steadily as a film actor. Together, these achievements put him on the cover of Newsweek.

Over the years, Shepard taught extensively on playwriting and other aspects of theater. He gave classes and seminars at various theater workshops, festivals, and universities. Shepard was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1986, and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986.[35] In 2000, Shepard demonstrated his gratitude to the Magic Theatre by staging The Late Henry Moss as a benefit for the theater, in San Francisco. The cast included Nick Nolte, Sean Penn, Woody Harrelson, and Cheech Marin. The limited, three-month run was sold out. In 2001, Shepard played General William F. Garrison in the film Black Hawk Down. Although he was cast in a supporting role, Shepard enjoyed renewed interest in his talent for screen acting.

Shepard performed Spalding Gray's final monologue Life Interrupted for the audiobook version, released in 2006. In 2007, Shepard contributed banjo to Patti Smith's cover of Nirvana's song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" on her album Twelve. Although many artists had an influence on Shepard's work, one of the more significant was Joseph Chaikin, a veteran of The Living Theatre and founder of The Open Theater.[11] The two worked together on various projects, and Shepard has stated that Chaikin was a valuable mentor.

In 2011, Shepard starred in the film Blackthorn. His final film appearance is Never Here, which premiered in June 2017 but had been filmed in 2014.[36] Shepard also appeared in the television series Bloodline from 2014 to 2017.[37]

Directing

At the beginning of his career, Shepard did not direct his own plays. His early plays had a number of different directors, but were most frequently directed by Ralph Cook, the founder of Theatre Genesis. Later, while living at the Flying Y Ranch, Shepard formed a successful playwright-director relationship with Robert Woodruff, who directed the premiere of Buried Child (1982). During the 1970s, Shepard decided that his vision for his plays required him to direct them himself. He directed many of his own plays from that point onward. With only a few exceptions, he did not direct plays by other playwrights. He also directed two films but reportedly did not see film directing as a major interest.

Personal life

When Shepard first arrived in New York City, he roomed with Charlie Mingus III, a friend from Duarte High School and the son of jazz musician Charles Mingus. Shepard then lived with actress Joyce Aaron.

From 1969 to 1984, he was married to actress O-Lan Jones, with whom he had one son, Jesse Mojo Shepard (b. 1971).

From 1970 to 1971, Shepard was involved in an extramarital affair with musician Patti Smith, who remained unaware of his identity as a multiple Obie Award-winning playwright until it was divulged to her by Jackie Curtis. Smith said: "Me and his wife still even liked each other. I mean, it wasn't like committing adultery in the suburbs or something."[38]

Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell wrote two songs about her affairs with Shepard during Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue tour of 1975. In "Coyote", from her eighth studio album Hejira, she recounts Shepard's seduction of her at a period while he was both married and having an extramarital affair with tour manager Christine O'Dell with the lines: "He's got a woman at home, another woman down the hall, but he seems to want me anyway."[39] Meanwhile, in "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter", written during the same tour, Mitchell referenced the closeness between their birthdays, calling them "twins of spirit".[40]

Shepard met actress Jessica Lange on the set of the 1982 film Frances, in which they were both acting. He moved in with her in 1983, and they were together for 27 years; they separated in 2009.[41] They had two children, Hannah Jane Shepard (b. 1986) and Samuel Walker Shepard (b. 1987). In 2003, Shepard's elder son, Jesse, wrote a book of short stories, and Shepard appeared with him at a reading at City Lights Bookstore.[42]

In 2014 and 2015, Shepard dated actress Mia Kirshner.[43][44]

After a turbulent trip on an airliner returning from Mexico in the 1960s, he apparently vowed never to fly again.[45] Despite this longstanding aversion to flying, Shepard allowed Chuck Yeager to take him up in a jet in 1982 in preparation for playing the pilot in the film The Right Stuff.[46][47] Shepard cited his fear of flying as a source for a character in his 1966 play Icarus's Mother.[48] His character went through an airliner crash in the film Voyager.

In the early morning hours of January 3, 2009, Shepard was arrested and charged with speeding and drunk driving in Normal, Illinois.[49] He pleaded guilty to both charges on February 11, 2009, and was sentenced to 24 months probation, alcohol education classes, and 100 hours of community service.[50] On May 25, 2015, Shepard was arrested again in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for aggravated drunk driving.[51] Those charges were later dismissed as having no likelihood of conviction at trial.[52]

His 50-year friendship with Johnny Dark, stepfather to O-Lan Jones, was the subject of the 2013 documentary Shepard & Dark by Treva Wurmfeld.[53] A collection of Shepard and Dark's correspondence, Two Prospectors, was also published that year.[54]

Death

Shepard died on July 27, 2017, at his home in Midway, Kentucky, aged 73, from complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[5][55][56] Patti Smith paid homage to their long collaboration in The New Yorker.[57] Fellow actor Matthew McConaughey, who had co-starred with Shepard in Mud, learned of Shepard's death during a television interview and was shocked by the news, ending the interview saying: "See you in the next one, Sam."[58]

Archives

Sam Shepard's papers are split between the Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers at Texas State University, comprising 27 boxes (13 linear feet)[59] and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, comprising 30 document boxes (12.6 linear feet).[60]

Bibliography

Plays

Collections

Novels

  • 2017: The One Inside, Knopf, 172 pages; ISBN 978-0-451-49458-0
  • 2017: Spy of the First Person, Knopf, 96 pages (published posthumously); ISBN 978-0-525-52156-3

Filmography

Main article: Sam Shepard filmography

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Sam Shepard

See also

References

  1. ^ Shewey, Don (1997). Sam Shepard. Perseus Books Group. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-30680-770-1. He was born Samuel Shepard Rogers III and called Steve, although if he were royalty his name would have been Samuel Shepard Rogers VII.
  2. ^ Wetzsteon, Ross (November 11, 1984). "The Genius of Sam Shepard". New York. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  3. ^ "Wim Wenders à propos de Sam Shepard (Video)" [Wim Wenders on Sam Shepard]. Institut national de l'audiovisuel (in French). May 2, 1984. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  4. ^ Bloom, Harold (2009). Harold Bloom's Major Dramatists: Sam Shepard. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-43811-646-4. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Brantley, Ben (July 31, 2017). "Sam Shepard, Pulitzer-Winning Playwright and Actor, Is Dead at 73". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  6. ^ Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr., Sam Shepard's father
  7. ^ Bloom, Harold (2009). Sam Shepard. Infobase Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4381-1646-4. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  8. ^ a b O'Mahony, John (October 11, 2003). "The write stuff". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017.
  9. ^ "Sam Shepard biography". Film Reference. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  10. ^ Shirley, Don (January 14, 1979). "Searching for Sam Shepard". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Botting, Gary (1972). The Theatre of Protest in America. Harden House. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  12. ^ "Production: 'Two One-Act Plays by Sam Shepard' (1965)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  13. ^ "Production: Times Square, Melodrama Play, and Futz (1967)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  14. ^ "Production: Unseen Hand, The (1969)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  15. ^ "Production: Two By Sam Shepard (1970)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  16. ^ "Production: Shaved Splits (1970)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  17. ^ "Production: Melodrama Play (1971)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  18. ^ "Production: Unseen Hand, The (1981)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  19. ^ "Production: Tooth of Crime, The (1983)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  20. ^ "Production: Superstitions and The Sad Lament of Pecos Bill on the Eve of Killing His Wife (1983)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  21. ^ "Production: Tongues and Skins (1984)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  22. ^ "Production: Geography of a Horse Dreamer (1985)". La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  23. ^ Blackburn, John (May 1, 1996). "III. Cowboy Mouth". Portrait of the Artist: Sam Shepard and the Anxiety of Identity. Archived from the original on December 6, 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "The Flying Y Ranch". San Rafael Daily Independent Journal. August 19, 1963. p. 13 – via NewspaperARCHIVE.com. The Flying Y Ranch above Mill Valley is a popular place throughout the year with 4-H groups and Southern Marin Horsemen's Assn. members...
  25. ^ Oldenburg, Chuck (July 2001). "Where is Homestead Valley?". Mill Valley Historical Society. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  26. ^ Oldenburg, Chuck (August 2013). "4-H Valley Riders". Mill Valley Historical Society. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  27. ^ "Jesse Mojo Shepard". Sam Shepard.com. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  28. ^ Benson, Heidi (February 21, 2003). "Sam Shepard's kid in writing game / Like his father's, Jesse's stories are filled with horses". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  29. ^ Chan, Stella; Thomas, Megan (August 1, 2017). "Sam Shepard, playwright and actor, dead at 73". CNN. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  30. ^ a b "Sam Shepard: US actor and playwright dies aged 73". BBC News. July 31, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  31. ^ Lee, Ashley (August 1, 2017). "Broadway to Dim Lights in Memory of Sam Shepard". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017.
  32. ^ Brantley, Ben (February 19, 2010). "Theater Review: Home Is Where the Soul Aches". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  33. ^ a b Healy, Patrick (February 13, 2010). "Getting Faster With Age: Sam Shepard's New Velocity". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
  34. ^ Kirn, Walter (January 17, 2010). "Sam Shepard: The Highwayman – Review of Day out of Days: Stories by Sam Shepard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
  35. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  36. ^ "Feature Films: 'You Were Never Here'". Backstage. November 2014. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  37. ^ "Bloodline". The Sam Shepard Web Site. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  38. ^ Morrisroe, Patricia (1995). "Patti Smith and Sam Shepard". Mapplethorpe: A Biography – via Ocean Star.
  39. ^ Banerji, Atreyi (February 21, 2021). "The story behind Joni Mitchell's classic song 'Coyote'". faroutmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  40. ^ David Yaffe, Daughter – A Portrait of Joni Mitchell, Sarah Crichton Books, 2019, pp. 204, 206.
  41. ^ Johnson, Zach (December 19, 2011). "Rep: Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard Have Separated". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  42. ^ Sullivan, James (April 26, 2003). "The Scene: Sam Shepard joins Jesse Shepard for a reading at City Lights". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  43. ^ "Sam Shepard and girlfriend Mia Kirshner shopping in Soho, New York, America", rexfeatures.com, November 23, 2014
  44. ^ "Sam Shepard out and about, New York, America", rexfeatures.com, March 30, 2015
  45. ^ Callens, Mark (1998). Sam Shepard V8, Part 4. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-20398-989-0. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  46. ^ Kirn, Walter (May 13, 1996). "Tales of Two Hipsters". New York. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  47. ^ Lang, Peter (2007). Dis/figuring Sam Shepard. Brussels: P.I.E Peter Lang. p. 42. ISBN 978-9-05201-352-7. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  48. ^ Bottoms, Stephen J. (1998). The Theatre of Sam Shepard: States of Crisis. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-52158-791-4. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  49. ^ "Sam Shepard Arrested – Blows It Big Time". TMZ. January 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  50. ^ "Sam Shepard Guilty of Very Drunken Driving". TMZ. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009.
  51. ^ Mackie, Drew (May 26, 2015). "Actor/Playwright Sam Shepard Arrested on Drunk Driving Charges in Santa Fe". People. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015.
  52. ^ Carrillo, Edmundo (December 17, 2015). "Playwright Sam Shepard's DWI charge dismissed". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  53. ^ DeMara, Bruce (March 7, 2013). "Shepard & Dark, a testament to friendship: review". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  54. ^ Shepard, Sam; Dark, Johnny (November 2013). Two Prospectors: The Letters of Sam Shepard and Johnny Dark. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-29275-422-5.
  55. ^ Hill, Libby (July 31, 2017). "Sam Shepard, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and Oscar-nominated actor, dies at 73". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  56. ^ Desta, Yohana (July 31, 2017). "Sam Shepard, Prolific Playwright and Actor, Dies at 73". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  57. ^ Smith, Patti (August 1, 2017). "My Buddy". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  58. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (August 1, 2017). "Matthew McConaughey Learned About Sam Shepard's Death on Red Carpet". Variety.
  59. ^ "Sam Shepard Papers, 1972–1999". Texas State University – San Marcos. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  60. ^ "Sam Shepard: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center". University of Texas at Austin. Processed by: Liz Murray (2011), Daniela Lozano (2012). Retrieved September 4, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  61. ^ Winters, J.J. (2017). Sam Shepard: A Life. Catapult. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-61902-984-2. Retrieved May 23, 2023.

Further reading

  • Corrigan, Michael (May 12, 2015). "Cruising Paradise with Sam Shepard". Atticus Review. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  • Radavich, David. "Back to the (Plutonian) Midwest: Sam Shepard's The God of Hell". New England Theatre Journal 18 (2007): 95–108.
  • Radavich, David. "Rabe, Mamet, Shepard, and Wilson: Mid-American Male Dramatists of the 1970s and '80s". The Midwest Quarterly XLVIII: 3 (Spring 2007): 342–58.
  • Ryder Howe, Benjamin; McCulloch, Jeanne; Simpson, Mona (1997). "Sam Shepard, The Art of Theater No. 12". The Paris Review. Spring 1997 (142).
  • Shewey, Don (1997). Sam Shepard. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80770-1.
  • Smith, Patti (2019). Year of the Monkey. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0525657682.
  • Winters, John (2017). Sam Shepard: A Life. Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1619027084. OCLC 960836493.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Archives at
LocationHarry Ransom Center, Wittliff collections Edit this on Wikidata
IdentifiersMS-5197 Edit this on Wikidata
SourceSam Shepard Papers
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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Shepard

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