Building infrastructure for African human genomic data management
ISO 3166-1 (Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes) is a standard defining codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. It is the first part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization.
It defines three sets of country codes:[1]
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 – two-letter country codes which are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions).
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 – three-letter country codes which allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes.
- ISO 3166-1 numeric – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division, with the advantage of script (writing system) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-Latin scripts.
The alphabetic country codes were first included in ISO 3166 in 1974, and the numeric country codes were first included in 1981. The country codes have been published as ISO 3166-1 since 1997, when ISO 3166 was expanded into three parts, with ISO 3166-2 defining codes for subdivisions and ISO 3166-3 defining codes for former countries.[1]
As a widely used international standard, ISO 3166-1 is implemented in other standards and used by international organizations[1] to allow facilitation of the exchange of goods and information.[1] However, it is not the only standard for country codes. Other country codes used by many international organizations are partly or totally incompatible with ISO 3166-1,[1] although some of them closely correspond to ISO 3166-1 codes.
Criteria for inclusion
Codes for 249 countries, territories, or areas of geographical interest are assigned in ISO 3166-1.[2] According to the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA), the only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources:[1]
- United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names, or
- Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the United Nations Statistics Division.
To be listed in the bulletin Country Names, a country must be at least one of the following:[3]
- A member state of the United Nations
- A member of one of its specialized agencies
- A party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice
The list of names in Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division is based on the bulletin Country Names and other UN sources.
Once a country name or territory name appears in either of these two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default.
The ISO 3166/MA may reserve code elements for other entities that do not qualify for inclusion based on the above criteria.[4] For example, because the European Union is not a country, it is not formally included in ISO 3166-1, but for practical reasons, the ISO 3166/MA has "reserved the two-letter combination EU for the purpose of identifying the European Union within the framework of ISO 3166-1".[5]
Information included
ISO 3166-1 is published officially in both English and French. Since the second edition of ISO 3166-1, the following columns are included for each entry:
- Country Name – English (or French) short name (all upper-case)
- English (or French) short name lower case (title case)
- English (or French) full name
- Alpha-2 code
- Alpha-3 code
- Numeric code
- Remarks
- Independent
- Additional information: Administrative language(s) alpha-2 code element(s)
- Additional information: Administrative language(s) alpha-3 code element(s)
- Additional information: Local short name(s)
Naming and code construction
Naming and disputes
The country names used in ISO 3166-1 are taken from the two UN sources. Some country names used by the UN, and accordingly by ISO, are disputed:
| Short name upper case in ISO 3166 |
Short name lower case in ISO 3166 Full name |
Listed as independent in ISO 3166 |
Local short name |
Dispute | Link to ISO 3166-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFGHANISTAN | Afghanistan the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan |
Yes[6] | Under the unrecognized government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | ISO 3166-2:AF | |
| CHINA | China
the People's Republic of China |
Yes[7] | Zhongguo (zh) | Disputed sovereignty with Taiwan | ISO 3166-2:CN |
| CYPRUS | Cyprus
the Republic of Cyprus |
Yes[8] | Disputed sovereignty with Northern Cyprus | ISO 3166-2:CY | |
| FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) |
Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas][a] | No[9] | Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas] (en) |
Disputed sovereignty and naming | ISO 3166-2:FK |
| PALESTINE, STATE OF |
Palestine, State of
the State of Palestine |
No[10] | Dawlat Filasţīn (ar) | Disputed sovereignty | ISO 3166-2:PS |
| TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA |
Taiwan (Province of China)[a] | No[11] | Taiwan (zh) | Disputed sovereignty and naming[5] | ISO 3166-2:TW |
| WESTERN SAHARA | Western Sahara[a] | No[12] | Aş Şaḩrā' al Gharbīyah (ar) |
Disputed sovereignty with Morocco | ISO 3166-2:EH |
Coding
The codes are chosen, according to the ISO 3166/MA, "to reflect the significant, unique component of the country name in order to allow a visual association between country name and country code".[5] For this reason, common components of country names like "Republic", "Kingdom", "United", "Federal" or "Democratic" are normally not used for deriving the code elements. As a consequence, for example, the United Kingdom is officially assigned the alpha-2 code GB rather than UK, based on its official name "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (although UK is reserved on the request of the United Kingdom). Some codes are chosen based on the native names of the countries. For example, Germany is assigned the alpha-2 code DE, based on its native name "Deutschland".
Codes
The complete ISO 3166-1 list of countries and their assigned codes,[13] listed in alphabetical order by the country's English short name used by the ISO 3166/MA:
Each country's alpha-2 code is linked to more information about the assignment of its code elements.
Reserved and user-assigned code elements
The officially assigned code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes.[1]
Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, are used in other coding systems such as WIPO ST.3, or are required in order to enable a particular user application of the standard but do not qualify for inclusion in ISO 3166-1. To avoid transitional application problems and to aid users who require specific additional code elements for the functioning of their coding systems, the ISO 3166/MA, when justified, reserves these codes for a certain use for a limited or indeterminate period of time. Codes are usually reserved for former countries, overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status. The reserved alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes can be divided into four categories:
(follow the links for the reserved codes of each category)
- Alpha-2: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes agreed not to use
- Alpha-3: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes agreed not to use
- Numeric: no reserved codes
User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use these codes when updating the standard. These codes can be user-assigned:[14]
- Alpha-2: AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ
- Alpha-3: AAA to AAZ, QMA to QZZ, XAA to XZZ, and ZZA to ZZZ
- Numeric: 900 to 999
User-assigned codes in wide use
- XI: Used to denote Northern Ireland for the purposes of VAT collection in trade between it and the European Union.[15]
Changes
The ISO 3166/MA updates ISO 3166-1 when necessary. A country is normally assigned new ISO 3166-1 codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries. In general, new alphabetic codes are assigned if a country changes a significant part of its name, while a new numeric code is assigned if a country changes its territorial boundaries. Codes for country names that have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 are published in ISO 3166-3.
ISO formerly announced changes in newsletters which updated the standard, and periodically released new editions which consolidated the newsletter changes. As of July 2013, changes are published in the online catalogue of ISO only, and newsletters are no longer published. Past newsletters remain available via the search option on the ISO website.[16]
| Edition/Newsletter | Date issued | Contents |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 3166:1974 | 1974 | First edition of ISO 3166 |
| ISO 3166:1981 | 1981 | Second edition of ISO 3166 |
| ISO 3166:1988 | 1988-08-15 | Third edition of ISO 3166 |
| ISO 3166:1994 | 1994-02-10 | Fourth edition of ISO 3166 |
| ISO 3166-1:1997 | 1997-09-25 | First edition of ISO 3166-1 (ISO 3166 expanded into three parts) |
| Newsletter V-1 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 1998-02-05 | Change of official name (Samoa) |
| Newsletter V-2 Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine | 1999-10-01 | Inclusion of new country name and code elements (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) |
| Newsletter V-3 | 2002-02-01 | Change of alpha-3 Code Element (Romania) |
| Newsletter V-4 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2002-05-20 | Name changes (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fiji, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Macao, Niue, Somalia, Venezuela) |
| Newsletter V-5 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2002-05-20 | Change of names and alphabetical code elements of East Timor |
| Newsletter V-6 | 2002-11-15 | Change of names of East Timor |
| Newsletter V-7 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2003-01-14 | Change of official name of Comoros |
| Newsletter V-8 | 2003-07-23 | Deletion of "Yugoslavia"; inclusion of "Serbia and Montenegro" with new alphabetical code elements |
| Newsletter V-9 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine | 2004-02-13 | Inclusion of an entry for Åland Islands |
| Newsletter V-10 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2004-04-26 | Name changes (Afghanistan, Åland Islands) |
| Newsletter V-11 Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2006-03-29 | Inclusion of an entry for Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man. Change of remark for the United Kingdom |
| Newsletter V-12 | 2006-09-26 | Inclusion of the new entries for "Serbia" and "Montenegro" (replacing Serbia and Montenegro) |
| ISO 3166-1:2006 Archived 2009-07-07 at the Wayback Machine | 2006-11-20 | Second edition of ISO 3166-1 |
| ISO 3166-1:2006/ Cor 1:2007 Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine |
2007-07-15 | First Technical Corrigendum to ISO 3166-1:2006 |
| Newsletter VI-1 Archived 2018-09-10 at the Wayback Machine | 2007-09-21 | Assignment of code elements for Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin and update of France and other French Territories (French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Guadeloupe, Réunion) |
| Newsletter VI-2 Archived 2018-07-26 at the Wayback Machine | 2008-03-31 | Name changes for Moldova, Montenegro and other minor corrections (Madagascar, Palestinian Territory, Occupied, Saint Barthélemy) |
| Newsletter VI-3 Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine | 2008-09-09 | Name change for Nepal and other minor corrections (Greenland, Guernsey, Moldova, Nigeria) |
| Newsletter VI-4 Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine | 2009-01-07 | Name change for the Republic of Moldova and other minor corrections (Central African Republic, Comoros) |
| Newsletter VI-5 Archived 2018-07-26 at the Wayback Machine | 2009-03-03 | Name change for Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and other minor corrections (Kiribati, Tuvalu) |
| Newsletter VI-6 Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine | 2009-05-08 | Name change for Plurinational State of Bolivia |
| Newsletter VI-7 Archived 2018-07-20 at the Wayback Machine | 2010-02-22 | Name change for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |
| Newsletter VI-8 Archived 2019-08-09 at the Wayback Machine | 2010-12-15 | Code elements for Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Dutch part), update of other territories (Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles) and minor corrections (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia) |
| Newsletter VI-9 Archived 2019-06-18 at the Wayback Machine | 2011-06-12 (corrected 2011-07-14) |
Name changes for Fiji and Myanmar as well as other minor corrections (Åland Islands, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Niue) |
| Newsletter VI-10 Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Machine | 2011-08-09 | Code elements for South Sudan (and new numeric code for Sudan) |
| Newsletter VI-11 Archived 2019-05-23 at the Wayback Machine | 2011-11-08 | Name change for Libya |
| Newsletter VI-12 Archived 2019-05-23 at the Wayback Machine | 2012-02-15 | Name change for Hungary and other minor corrections (Bangladesh, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Germany) |
| Newsletter VI-13 Archived 2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine | 2012-08-02 | Name change for Eritrea and other minor corrections (Germany, Sri Lanka) |
| Newsletter VI-14 Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine | 2013-02-06 | Name change for State of Palestine and other minor corrections (Bulgaria, Bouvet Island, Jersey, Saint Martin (French part), Seychelles, Sint Maarten (Dutch part), Viet Nam) |
| Newsletter VI-15 Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine | 2013-05-10 | Name change for Papua New Guinea |
| Newsletter VI-16 Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Machine | 2013-07-11 | Name change for Somalia |
| ISO 3166-1:2013 Archived 2014-03-04 at the Wayback Machine | 2013-11-19 | Third edition of ISO 3166-1 (changes are published in the online catalogue Archived 2022-10-21 at the Wayback Machine of ISO only and no newsletters are published anymore) |
| ISO 3166-1:2020 Archived 2020-12-30 at the Wayback Machine | 2020-08 | Fourth edition of ISO 3166-1 |
See also
- ISO 639 – Codes for the representation of names of languages
- Lists of countries and territories
- United Nations
Notes
- ^ a b c No full name in ISO 3166.
- ^ See also the list of ISO 3166 country codes#Current ISO 3166 country codes regarding the sovereignty of the countries and areas.
- ^ a b c d e f g See also the table in § Naming and disputes above.
- ^ Comprising
Bonaire, 
Sint Eustatius, and 
Saba.
- ^ Comprising
Saint Helena, 
Ascension Island, and 
Tristan da Cunha.
- ^ Comprising
Svalbard and Jan Mayen.
- ^ Comprising Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and
Wake Island.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g "Country Codes – ISO 3166". International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
- ^ "Country names and code elements". ISO. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
Officially assigned codes 249
- ^ "Qualifying top-level domain strings: Eligible categories of top-level domains". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Archived from the original on 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
- ^ "ISO 3166 – FAQs – General Questions". ISO. Archived from the original on 2007-03-06.
- ^ a b c "ISO 3166 – FAQs – Specific". ISO. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for AF". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for CN". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for CY". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for FK". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for PS". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
Remark: Conventional names.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for TW". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "ISO 3166 information for EH". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
Remark: Provisional name
- ^ "Country names and code elements". ISO. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
- ^ "Glossary for ISO 3166 - Codes for countries and their subdivisions". ISO. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ^ "Check if you're trading under the Northern Ireland protocol and what to do". HM Revenue & Customs, UK. 2020-12-07. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
- ^ "ISO 3166-1 - New access". ISO. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
Sources and external links
- ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency Archived 2017-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- Country names and code elements Archived 2016-06-17 at the Wayback Machine — list of alpha-2 codes
- Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use Archived 2020-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Statistics Division
- Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine — list of alpha-3 and numeric codes (a few territories officially assigned codes in ISO 3166-1 are not included in this list)
- The World Factbook (public domain), Central Intelligence Agency
- Appendix D – Country Data Codes Archived 2021-12-24 at the Wayback Machine — comparison of GEC (formerly FIPS 10-4), ISO 3166, and STANAG 1059 country codes
