Sigma metrics as a valuable tool for effective analytical performance and quality control planning in the clinical laboratory: A retrospective study

A medical test is a medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, or to determine a course of treatment. The tests are classified by speciality field, conveying in which ward of a hospital or by which specialist doctor these tests are usually performed.

The ICD-10-CM is generally the most widely used standard by insurance companies and hospitals who have to communicate with one another, for giving a overview of medical tests and procedures. It has over 70,000 codes. This list is not exhaustive but might be useful as a guide, even though it is not yet categorized consistently and only partly sortable.

Where available, ICD-10 codes are listed.^[1]

ICD-10	Name	Sample Analysed	Tool used to collect sample	Analysed by(lab type)	Used by what clinical branch?
	Temperature measurement	(non-invasive) Skin-contact	a thermometer	A microchip in the tool	Consulting Room Tests(meaning most of them??)
	Patient's Respiratory rate measurement	(non-invasive) observation	(timer)	A microchip in the tool	Consulting Room Tests
	Blood oxygen concentration measurement	(non-invasive)	Pulseoxymeter	A microchip in the tool	Consulting Room Tests
	taking the patient's pulse	(non-invasive) palpation	medical professional fingers	the medical professional	Consulting Room Tests
	weighing, and measuring height and girth	(non-invasive)	Weight	A microchip in the tool	Consulting Room Tests
	measuring blood pressure	(non-invasive)	A manometer	A Manometric display	Consulting Room Tests
	abdominal palpation	(non-invasive)			Consulting Room Tests
	cardiac ausculation	(non-invasive)	A stehoscope	the medical professional or A microchip in the tool	Consulting Room Tests
	HEENT examination				Consulting Room Tests
	digital rectal examination				Consulting Room Tests
	neurological examination				Consulting Room Tests
	psychiatric assessment				Consulting Room Tests
	pulmonary auscultation				Consulting Room Tests
	vaginal examination				Consulting Room Tests
	coronary catheterization				Cardiovascular
	echocardiography			A microchip in the tool	Cardiovascular
	electrocardiogram			A microchip in the tool	Cardiovascular
	ballistocardiogram				Cardiovascular

• skin allergy test
• skin biopsy

• hearing test
• laryngoscopy
• vestibular tests
  • electronystagmography (ENG)
  • videonystagmography (VNG)

• capsule endoscopy
• coloscopy
• endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
• esophagogastroduodenoscopy
• esophageal motility study
• esophageal pH monitoring
• liver biopsy

• bone marrow examination

• biochemistry
  • Arterial blood gas (ABG)
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) (including CHEM-7)
  • coagulation tests
  • C-reactive protein
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • FibroTest
  • urea breath test
  • urinalysis
    • Agostini's reaction
• cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
  • Genetic testing
• immunology
  • autoantibodies
• microbiology
  • blood culture
  • mantoux test
  • sputum culture
  • stool culture
  • urine culture

• electroencephalogram
• electromyography (EMG)
• lumbar puncture
• neuropsychological tests

• amniocentesis
• colposcopy
• mammography
• hysteroscopy
• laparoscopy
• Smear tests such as Pap smears

• dilated fundus examination
• multifocal electroretinography (mfERG)
• optical coherence tomography (OCT)
• visual field test

• polysomnography
• pulmonary pletysmography
• thoracentesis

• CT scan (B*2****)
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (B*3****)
• nuclear medicine (C******)
• positron-emission tomography (PET)
• projectional radiography (B*0****)
• ultrasonography (B*4****)

• arthroscopy

• cystoscopy
• urodynamic testing

format - ( Normal Order Name; Designation in the laboratory; Laboratory)

Pancreatic elastase;Feces-Pancreatic elastase;Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory;

Adenovirus DNA PCR;Adenovirus DNA PCR - Feces; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

"Hemoglobin;F";Feces-Blood; Clinical biochemistry laboratory;

"Calprotectin;F";"Fecal Calprotectin;massfr."; Clinical biochemistry laboratory;

Worms, eggs and cysts (microscopy of formalin-ether concentrate);Worms, eggs and cysts (microscopy of formalin-ether concentrate); Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

Larviculture (Strongyloides, hookworms);Larviculture (Strongyloides, hookworms); Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

Clostridioides difficile;Clostridioides difficile DNA/RNA (PCR quicktest); Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

Tarmpato e parasites;PCR (Tarmprotozoer); Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

Diarrhea investigation;Diarrhea investigation; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory;

the following analysis of the format - ( Normal Order Name; Designation in the laboratory; Laboratory), can be performed on the sample material in the title of the heading above

"Hem. Marker study, ADULTS over 16 years;Asc";Hem. Marker examination, ADULTS over 16 years, Ascites fluid;Hematology marker laboratory

"Erythrocytes;Asc";"Asc-Erythrocytes; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Erythrocytes;Asc";"Asc-Erythrocytes; numberk";, Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes(mononuclear);Asc";"Asc-Leukocytes(mononuclear); count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes(polynucleus);Asc";"Asc-Leukocytes(polynucleus); count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Nucleated cells;Asc";"Asc-Nucleated cells; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Nucleated cells;Asc";"Asc-Nucleated cells; numberk";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Carbamide;Asc";"Asc-Carbamide; substancek";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Calcium;Asc";"Asc-Calcium(II); substance c.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Phosphate;Asc";"Asc-Phosphate(P; inorganic); substance";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Triglyceride;Asc";"Asc-Triglyceride; substance";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Bilirubins;Asc";Asc-Bilirubins, substance;Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Albumin;Asc";"Asc-Albumin; bulk";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Protein;Asc";"Asc-Protein; mass spec.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Amylase, pancreatic type;Asc";"Asc-Amylase, pancreatic type;cat.k.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Lactate dehydro ase;Asc";"Asc-Lactate dehydro ase;.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Cholesterol;Asc";"Asc-Cholesterol+ester; substance c.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Ascites group;Asc";"A

the following analysis of the format - ( Normal Order Name; Designation in the laboratory; Laboratory), can be performed on the sample material in the title of the heading above

Leukemia: diagnosis/recurrence, Biopsy;; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Tissue lab  

"Aberrant cell population(phenotype); taxon;Biopsy(spec.)"; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Tissue lab  

rearrangement of TCR/IgH- is. Biopsy;"Biopsy-(TCR+Igh- )-Immune rearrangement; clonality(0 1) = ?"; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Tissue lab  

"Hem. Marker study, ADULTS over 16 years;Biopsy";Hem. Marker study, ADULTS over 16 years, Tissue biopsies;Hematology Marker Laboratory

"Hem. Marker study, ADULTS over 16 years;Biopsy";Hem. Marker Examination, ADULTS over 16 years, Biopsy from Corpus Vitreum;Hematology Marker Laboratory

Histologic examination of testis biopsy; Laboratory for Growth and Reproduction

Miscellaneous analysis;DNA(spec.)-MLPA ocular melanoma; depends

Miscellaneous analysis;FISH malignant melanoma choroidea; depends

Helicobacter pylori (culture);Helicobacter pylori (culture); Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

Tropheryma whipplei DNA/RNA;;Unkown

Culture and resistance;Biopsy/tissue/bone tissue culture and resistance; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

the following analysis of the format - ( Normal Order Name; Designation in the laboratory; Laboratory), can be performed on the sample material in the title of the heading above

"Chorionic gonadotropin+beta [HCG];Csv";"Csv-Chorionic gonadotropin+beta chain; arb.stofk.(IS 75/589)";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"alpha-1-Fotoprotein;Csv";"Csv-alpha-1-Fotoprotein; arb.stofk.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Tick-borne encephalitis virus antibody; arb.k.(list; proc.);Csv";Tick-borne encephalitis virus antibody; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

"Cerebrospinal fluid group;Csv";"Csv-Nucleated cell type; count(list)";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Erythrocytes;Csv";"Csv-Erythrocytes; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Nucleated cells;Csv";"Csv-Nucleated cells; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Nucleated cells;Csv";"Csv-Nucleated cells; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes(mononuclear);Lkc(Csv)";"Csv-Mononuclear cells; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes(mononuclear);Lkc(Csv)";"Csv-Leukocytes(mononuclear); count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes (polynucleus);Lkc(Csv)";"Csv-Leukocytes(polynucleus); count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Leukocytes (polynuclear);Lkc(Csv)";"Csv-Polynuclear cells; count";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

"Neurofilament light polypeptide;Csv";Csv(cell-free);Neuroimmunology Laboratory

"Glucose;Csv";"Csv-Glucose; substance c.";Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

1. List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
2. List of human microbiota(Human microbiome)
3. Composition of the human body
4. Lists of human genes
5. as well as all the list of the specefic organ systems:like e. g: List of skeletal muscles of the human body, List of bones of the human skeleton, Tendon, List of nerves of the human body, List of arteries of the human body, List of veins of the human body