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阿卜杜拉·本·亚辛的追随者开始自称为“穆拉比特”的确切时间点及原因仍然不得而知。安达卢斯学者巴克里(英语:Al-Bakri)在其1068年的著作中使用了这一称呼,但他并未注明原因,当时穆拉比特王朝还未达至巅峰。三百年以后,学者伊本·阿比·扎尔(英语:Ibn Abi Zar)称该名称是阿卜杜拉·本·亚辛在早期挑选的[8],因为在戈达拉部落(Godala)于阿德拉尔(Adrar)地区反叛时,他曾率领一群信众在一小岛上(可能是毛里塔尼亚阿尔金湾的提德拉岛)兴建里巴特堡垒作为临时据点,因而得名[9]。创立者阿卜杜拉·本·亚辛最早在一座名为达尔穆拉比特(Dar al-Murabitin)的堡垒研学,其引申涵义大致为“因真主而联合在一起的人们的居所”,亦可能是“穆拉比特”名称的来历[10][11][12]。13世纪至14世纪的摩洛哥史学家伊本·伊扎里(英语:Ibn Idhari)称,阿卜杜拉之所以采用该名称,是因为在1054年德拉河谷地激战后,阿卜杜拉的人马损失严重,意图传达“在战斗中坚持不懈”的涵义、增进士气而为之。无论何种说法为真,可以确定的一点是,这一名称是自我发明的称呼,以此取代特定的部落或民族认同性称呼。
当时的酋长丁巴鲁坦·本·乌斯费沙尔(Tinbarutan ibn Usfayshar)在跨撒哈拉商路的关键节点建立奥达戈斯特(英语:Awdaghust)堡垒。桑哈贾联盟解体后,加纳帝国掌控了奥达戈斯特,跨撒哈拉商路也转而被西吉尔马萨(英语:Sijilmassa)的属于泽纳塔的马格拉瓦(英语:Maghrawa)部落掌控。马格拉瓦部落还趁势将加祖拉部落和拉姆塔部落赶出了肥沃的苏斯地区和德拉河谷。1035年左右,拉姆图纳部落酋长阿布·阿卜杜拉·穆罕默德·本·蒂法特(Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat)曾试图统一沙漠的桑哈贾部落,但其统治仅持续不到三年。
当代学者对此表示怀疑,如康拉德和费舍尔(1982)质疑称穆拉比特人的征服活动都只是来源于民间传说,是阿拉伯学者的误读,他们轻信口头传说,缺乏说服力[32]。蒂莫西·因索尔教授(Timothy Insoll)在2003年的著作中提到,古加纳的考古证据不能证明在穆拉比特时代发生过任何大的政治变动,也没有发现战乱和征服迹象[33]。迪尔克·兰格(Dierke Lange)则认同军事入侵的说法,但他认为加纳帝国的衰落更可能是因为穆拉比特王朝的政治影响力,而非直接征服[34]。兰格称,穆拉比特的宗教影响是个渐进的过程,未曾涉及大规模的军事侵略,其势力的扩张主要是通过部落间的贵族联姻。兰格认为加纳帝国的衰落因素有多个,而且互不相干,穆拉比特王朝的宗教压力带来的内部争端只是其中之一[35]。谢里尔·伯克哈尔特(Sheryl L. Burkhalter)在1992年的著作中称,无论穆拉比特王朝在撒哈拉以南地区“征服”的本质到底是什么,穆拉比特的确掌控了西非的黄金,而这一定需要高度的政治控制[36]。
1086年,安达卢斯的泰法王公向优素福·本·塔什芬求助,希望他出马和基督徒国王阿方索六世作战,保卫穆斯林的领地。优素福于是穿越直布罗陀海峡,在阿尔赫西拉斯登陆,并于萨拉卡战役中击败了卡斯蒂利亚军队。不过随后本土爆发内乱,优素福决定率军返回非洲平叛。他在1090年再度回归,意图取缔当地的泰法,直接统治安达卢斯。当地的王公不仅向民众施加重税,还定期向基督徒递交贡金,引起民众不满[24]。宗教界也为优素福背书,签发教令称优素福有着良好的道德风范,有权取缔当地不合教义的领主。1094年,优素福罢黜了当地绝大多数的王公(萨拉戈萨除外),又在孔苏埃格拉战役(英语:Battle of Consuegra)中击败基督徒,杀死了著名英雄熙德之子。优素福还被巴格达的哈里发封为“虔诚者的埃米尔”(Amir al-Mu'minin),又在1097年被尊为“穆斯林的埃米尔”(Amir al Muslimin)。
^G. Stewart, Is the Caliph a Pope?, in: The Muslim World, Volume 21, Issue 2, pages 185–196, April 1931: "The Almoravid dynasty, among the Berbers of North Africa, founded a considerable empire, Morocco being the result of their conquests"
^Sadiqi, Fatima, The place of Berber in Morocco, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 123.1 (2009): 7–22 : "The Almoravids were the first relatively recent Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco. The leaders of this dynasty came from the Moroccan deep south."
^Nehemia Levtzion, "Abd Allah b. Yasin and the Almoravids", in: John Ralph Willis, Studies in West African Islamic History, p. 54.
^P. F. de Moraes Farias, "The Almoravids: Some Questions Concerning the Character of the Movement", Bulletin de l’IFAN, series B, 29: 3–4 (794–878), 1967.
^Ibn Abi Zar's account is translated in N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, University of Ghana,pp. 239ff. For tentative identification of the ribat, see Moraes Farias (1967).
^Messier, Ronald A. The Almoravids and the meanings of jihad, Santa Barbara, CA. Praeger Publishers, 2010.
^Ibn al-Zayyat. التشوف إلى معرفة رجال التصوف. 1220: 89.
^M. Brett and E. Fentress (1996), The Berbers, Oxford: Blackwell, p. 100. Revealingly, the 36th Sura begins the salutation "You are one of messengers" and the imperative duty to set people "on the straight path". Ibn Yasin's choice of name was probably not a coincidence.
^Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005: 88. ISBN 978-0-333-59957-0.
^North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From the Almoravids to the Algerian War (History & Society in the Islamic World), pg 59 By Julia Ann Clancy-Smith
^Bennison, Amira. The Almorivid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. 2016: 61, 342. ISBN 9780748646807.
^K., Bennison, Amira. The Almoravid and Almohad empires. Edinburgh. 2016: 91, 270, 342–344. ISBN 9780748646814. OCLC 957145068.
^Tabbaa, Yasser. Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh. Muqarnas. 2008, 25: 133–146. doi:10.1163/22118993_02501006.
^Parker, R. (1981). A Practical Guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, Virginia: Baraka Press. p.14
^Department of Islamic Art. "The Art of the Almoravid and Almohad Periods (ca. 1062–1269)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/almo/hd_almo.htm (October 2001)
^Terrasse, Henri. La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 1968.
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Brett, M. and E. Fentress (1996), The Berbers. Oxford: Blackwell.
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