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US Chess Championship
Fabiano Caruana, the current US champion
Awarded forWinner of the US Championship
CountryUnited States
Presented byUnited States Chess Federation
History
First award1891
Most recentFabiano Caruana (2024)

The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament organized by the United States Chess Federation to determine the country's chess champion.[1] It is the oldest national chess tournament.[2] The event originated as a challenge match in 1845, but the champion has been decided by tournament play under the auspices of the USCF since 1936.[2] The tournament has fluctuated between a round-robin tournament and a Swiss system. From 1999 to 2006, the championship was sponsored and organized by the Seattle Chess Foundation (later renamed America's Foundation for Chess) and featured a larger body of competitors, made possible by the change to a Swiss-style format. After the Foundation withdrew its sponsorship, the 2007 and 2008 events were held in Stillwater, Oklahoma, still as a Swiss system, under tournament director Frank K. Berry. The Saint Louis Chess Club has hosted the championship since 2009. Since 2014, the championship has used a round-robin format. The event is often a Zonal tournament for the United States Chess Federation, providing qualifier spots to the Chess World Cup.[3]

As of 2023, twelve players are invited to compete: the reigning US champion, as well as the respective winners of the US Open Chess Championship and the US Junior Championship. The remaining players are chosen by highest invitational rating, in addition to one organizer wildcard.[4] Fabiano Caruana is the current US chess champion.

By acclamation (1845–1891)

Years Champion Notes
1845–1857 Charles Stanley Defeated Eugène Rousseau in a match in 1845
1857–1871 Paul Morphy Won the first American Chess Congress in 1857
1871–1891 George Henry Mackenzie Won the 2nd, 3rd and 5th American Chess Congress

Match format (1891–1935)

George Henry Mackenzie died in April 1891 and, later that year, Max Judd proposed he, Jackson Showalter and S. Lipschütz contest a triangular match for the championship. Lipschütz withdrew so Judd and Showalter played a match which the latter won. A claim by Walter Penn Shipley that S. Lipschütz became US Champion as a result of being the top-scoring American at the Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889, is refuted in a biography of Lipschütz.[5] The following US Champions until 1909 were decided by matches.

Year Winner Loser Result Notes
1 1891–92 Jackson Showalter Max Judd +7−4=3 The final game was delayed until January 1892 because Judd was ill.
2 1892 Samuel Lipschütz Jackson Showalter +7−1=7
3 1894 Jackson Showalter (2) Albert Hodges +7−6=4 Prior to the last game the players agreed to extend the match. Many sources classify this as the first of two matches instead of one extended match.
4 1894 Albert Hodges Jackson Showalter +5−3=1 Can be considered a match extension or a new match.
5 1895 Jackson Showalter (3) S. Lipschütz +7−4=3
6 1896 Jackson Showalter (4) Emil Kemény +7−4=4
7 1896 Jackson Showalter (5) John Barry +7−2=4
8 1897 Harry Pillsbury Jackson Showalter +10−7=3 Pillsbury added to the conditions of the match : "... even if I should win, I shall leave Showalter the possession of his championship title".[6]
9 1898 Harry Pillsbury (2) Jackson Showalter +7−2=2 Contrary to the 1897 match, the title of US champion was clearly at stake in 1898.[7]
10 1909 Frank Marshall Jackson Showalter +7−2=3 Title reverted to Showalter after Pillsbury's death in 1906.
11 1923 Frank Marshall (2) Edward Lasker +5−4=9 Marshall declined to play in the invitational tournament that began in 1936.

Round-robin format (1936–1998)

№ Year Winner(s) Notes
1 1936 Samuel Reshevsky
2 1938 Samuel Reshevsky (2)
3 1940 Samuel Reshevsky (3)
- 1941 Samuel Reshevsky (4) Match victory over I.A. Horowitz
4 1942 Samuel Reshevsky (5) An erroneous ruling by the director allowed Reshevsky to tie for first with Isaac Kashdan.[8]
Reshevsky won a playoff match against Kashdan 6 months later.
5 1944 Arnold Denker
- 1946 Arnold Denker (2) Match victory over Herman Steiner
6 1946 Samuel Reshevsky (6)
7 1948 Herman Steiner
8 1951 Larry Evans
- 1952 Larry Evans (2) Match victory over Herman Steiner
9 1954 Arthur Bisguier
- 1957 Samuel Reshevsky (7) Match victory over Arthur Bisguier.

The title was not at stake, Bisguier remains champion.

10 1957/8 Bobby Fischer At 14, the youngest champion ever
11 1958/9 Bobby Fischer (2)
12 1959/0 Bobby Fischer (3)
13 1960/1 Bobby Fischer (4)
14 1961—62 Larry Evans (3)
15 1962—63 Bobby Fischer (5)
16 1963—64 Bobby Fischer (6) The only perfect score in tournament history
17 1965—66 Bobby Fischer (7)
18 1966—67 Bobby Fischer (8) A record eighth win (out of eight attempts)
19 1968 Larry Evans (4)
20 1969 Samuel Reshevsky (8)
21 1972 Robert Byrne Playoff held 9 months after the tournament, with Byrne winning over Samuel Reshevsky and Lubomir Kavalek
22 1973 Lubomir Kavalek
John Grefe
23 1974 Walter Browne
24 1975 Walter Browne (2)
25 1977 Walter Browne (3)
26 1978 Lubomir Kavalek (2)
27 1980 Walter Browne (4)
Larry Christiansen
Larry Evans (5)
28 1981 Walter Browne (5)
Yasser Seirawan
29 1983 Walter Browne (6)
Larry Christiansen (2)
Roman Dzindzichashvili
30 1984 Lev Alburt
31 1985 Lev Alburt (2)
32 1986 Yasser Seirawan (2)
33 1987 Joel Benjamin

Nick de Firmian||

34 1988 Michael Wilder
35 1989 Roman Dzindzichashvili (2)
Stuart Rachels

Yasser Seirawan (3) ||

36 1990 Lev Alburt (3) Knockout tournament
37 1991 Gata Kamsky Knockout tournament
38 1992 Patrick Wolff
39 1993 Alexander Shabalov
Alex Yermolinsky
40 1994 Boris Gulko The only person to have held both the US and Soviet championships
41 1995 Nick de Firmian (2)
Patrick Wolff (2)
Alexander Ivanov
42 1996 Alex Yermolinsky (2)
43 1997 Joel Benjamin (2)
44 1998 Nick de Firmian (3)

Swiss format (1999–2013)

№ Year Winner(s) Notes
45 1999 Boris Gulko (2)
46 2000 Joel Benjamin (3)
Alexander Shabalov (2)
Yasser Seirawan (4)
47 2002 Larry Christiansen (3)
48 2003 Alexander Shabalov (3)
49 2005 Hikaru Nakamura Tournament was played in 2004, but called the 2005 Championship for legal reasons[9]
50 2006 Alexander Onischuk
51 2007 Alexander Shabalov (4)
52 2008 Yury Shulman
53 2009 Hikaru Nakamura (2)
54 2010 Gata Kamsky (2) Kamsky won an Armageddon tie-break playoff against Yury Shulman
55 2011 Gata Kamsky (3) [10]
56 2012 Hikaru Nakamura (3) Switched to a round-robin tournament for this year only
57 2013 Gata Kamsky (4) Kamsky won an Armageddon tie-break playoff against Alejandro Ramírez

Round-robin format (2014–present)

№ Year Winner(s) Notes
58 2014 Gata Kamsky (5) Kamsky won a playoff rapid against Varuzhan Akobian after Akobian qualified
by beating Aleksandr Lenderman on an Armageddon tie-break
59 2015 Hikaru Nakamura (4)
60 2016 Fabiano Caruana
61 2017 Wesley So Wesley So won a rapid playoff against Alexander Onischuk
62 2018 Samuel Shankland
63 2019 Hikaru Nakamura (5)
64 2020 Wesley So (2) Tournament held remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, hosted online via Lichess.
65 2021 Wesley So (3) So won a rapid playoff against Fabiano Caruana and Samuel Sevian
66 2022 Fabiano Caruana (2)
67 2023 Fabiano Caruana (3)
68 2024 Fabiano Caruana (4)

Players by number of championships

Name Total Victories Tournament Victories Match Victories Years
Bobby Fischer 8 8 0 1957/8 1958/9 1959/0 1960/1 1962/3 1963/4 1965/6 1966/7
Samuel Reshevsky 8 8 0 1936 1938 1940 1941 1942 1946 1957 1969
Walter Browne 6 6 0 1974 1975 1977 1980 1981 1983
Larry Evans 5 5 0 1951 1952 1961/2 1968 1980
Gata Kamsky 5 5 0 1991 2010 2011 2013 2014
Hikaru Nakamura 5 5 0 2005 2009 2012 2015 2019
Jackson Showalter 5 0 5 1891–92 1894 1895 1896 1896
Yasser Seirawan 4 4 0 1981 1986 1989 2000
Alexander Shabalov 4 4 0 1993 2000 2003 2007
Fabiano Caruana 4 4 0 2016 2022 2023 2024
Lev Alburt 3 3 0 1984 1985 1990
Joel Benjamin 3 3 0 1987 1997 2000
Larry Christiansen 3 3 0 1980 1983 2002
Nick de Firmian 3 3 0 1987 1995 1998
Wesley So 3 3 0 2017 2020 2021
Arnold Denker 2 2 0 1944 1946
Roman Dzindzichashvili 2 2 0 1983 1989
Boris Gulko 2 2 0 1994 1999
Lubomir Kavalek 2 2 0 1973 1978
Frank Marshall 2 0 2 1909 1923
Harry Pillsbury 2 0 2 1897 1898
Patrick Wolff 2 2 0 1992 1995
Alex Yermolinsky 2 2 0 1993 1996
Arthur Bisguier 1 1 0 1954
Robert Byrne 1 1 0 1972
John Grefe 1 1 0 1973
Albert Hodges 1 0 1 1894
Alexander Ivanov 1 1 0 1995
Samuel Lipschütz 1 0 1 1892
Alexander Onischuk 1 1 0 2006
Stuart Rachels 1 1 0 1989
Samuel Shankland 1 1 0 2018
Yury Shulman 1 1 0 2008
Herman Steiner 1 1 0 1948
Michael Wilder 1 1 0 1988

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "FISCHER, SMYSLOV PLAY IN DEADLOOK; American and Russian Draw in 7th-Round Adjourned Game of Chess Event". New York Times. Bobby Fischer, United States chess champion, played to a draw with Vassily Smyslov of the Soviet Union in their seventh-round adjourned game in the challengers' tournament at Bled yesterday.
  2. ^ a b Soltis, Andy (2012). The United States Chess Championship, 1845–2011. US: McFarland. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7864-6528-6.
  3. ^ https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/D0102
  4. ^ "The United States Chess Federation - US Chess Invitational Requirements". www.uschess.org. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  5. ^ Davies, pp. 196–99
  6. ^ Andrew Soltis, The United States Chess Championship, Second Edition, McFarland, 1997, p. 32.
  7. ^ Andrew Soltis, The United States Chess Championship, Second Edition, McFarland, 1997, p. 33.
  8. ^ In an objectively drawn endgame against Arnold Denker, the flag on Reshevsky's clock fell, which should have resulted in his losing on time. The tournament director Walter Stephens, who was standing behind the clock, flipped it around and, looking at Reshevsky's side of the clock (which he mistakenly thought was Denker's), announced "Denker forfeits!" He refused to correct his error, explaining, "Does Kenesaw Mountain Landis reverse himself?" William Lombardy and David Daniels, U.S. Championship Chess, David McKay, 1975, p. 22. ISBN 0-679-13042-X. Arnold S. Denker, My Best Chess Games 1929–1976, Dover, 1981, p. 121. ISBN 0-486-24035-5.
  9. ^ "U.S. Chess Championship (23 November- 5 December)". www.thechessdrum.net. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  10. ^ Kamsky reigns supreme

References

  • Soltis, Andy; McCormick, Gene H. (1997). The United States Chess Championship 1845–1996 (2nd ed.). McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0248-2.
  • Isaac Kashdan (1933). History of the United States Chess Championship. Chess Review, November–December, 1933, reprinted in The Best of Chess Life & Review 1933–1960. ISBN 0-671-61986-1.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Championship