Histopathology image classification: Highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation

In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern (also known as wrapper, an alternative naming shared with the decorator pattern) that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface.^[1] It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.

An example is an adapter that converts the interface of a Document Object Model of an XML document into a tree structure that can be displayed.

The adapter^[2] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known Gang of Four design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

The adapter design pattern solves problems like:^[3]

• How can a class be reused that does not have an interface that a client requires?
• How can classes that have incompatible interfaces work together?
• How can an alternative interface be provided for a class?

Often an (already existing) class can not be reused only because its interface does not conform to the interface clients require.

The adapter design pattern describes how to solve such problems:

• Define a separate adapter class that converts the (incompatible) interface of a class (adaptee) into another interface (target) clients require.
• Work through an adapter to work with (reuse) classes that do not have the required interface.

The key idea in this pattern is to work through a separate adapter that adapts the interface of an (already existing) class without changing it.

Clients don't know whether they work with a target class directly or through an adapter with a class that does not have the target interface.

See also the UML class diagram below.

An adapter allows two incompatible interfaces to work together. This is the real-world definition for an adapter. Interfaces may be incompatible, but the inner functionality should suit the need. The adapter design pattern allows otherwise incompatible classes to work together by converting the interface of one class into an interface expected by the clients.

An adapter can be used when the wrapper must respect a particular interface and must support polymorphic behavior. Alternatively, a decorator makes it possible to add or alter behavior of an interface at run-time, and a facade is used when an easier or simpler interface to an underlying object is desired.^[4]

In the above UML class diagram, the client class that requires a target interface cannot reuse the adaptee class directly because its interface doesn't conform to the target interface. Instead, the client works through an adapter class that implements the target interface in terms of adaptee:

• The object adapter way implements the target interface by delegating to an adaptee object at run-time (adaptee.specificOperation()).
• The class adapter way implements the target interface by inheriting from an adaptee class at compile-time (specificOperation()).

In this adapter pattern, the adapter contains an instance of the class it wraps. In this situation, the adapter makes calls to the instance of the wrapped object.

This adapter pattern uses multiple polymorphic interfaces implementing or inheriting both the interface that is expected and the interface that is pre-existing. It is typical for the expected interface to be created as a pure interface class, especially in languages such as Java (before JDK 1.8) that do not support multiple inheritance of classes.^[1]

It is desired for classA to supply classB with some data, let us suppose some String data. A compile time solution is:

classB.setStringData(classA.getStringData());

However, suppose that the format of the string data must be varied. A compile time solution is to use inheritance:

public class Format1ClassA extends ClassA {
    @Override
    public String getStringData() {
        return format(toString());
    }
}

and perhaps create the correctly "formatting" object at runtime by means of the factory pattern.

A solution using "adapters" proceeds as follows:

When implementing the adapter pattern, for clarity, one can apply the class name [ClassName]To[Interface]Adapter to the provider implementation; for example, DAOToProviderAdapter. It should have a constructor method with an adaptee class variable as a parameter. This parameter will be passed to an instance member of [ClassName]To[Interface]Adapter. When the clientMethod is called, it will have access to the adaptee instance that allows for accessing the required data of the adaptee and performing operations on that data that generates the desired output.

interface ILightningPhone {
    void recharge();
    void useLightning();
}

interface IMicroUsbPhone {
    void recharge();
    void useMicroUsb();
}

class Iphone implements ILightningPhone {
    private boolean connector;

    @Override
    public void useLightning() {
        connector = true;
        System.out.println("Lightning connected");
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        if (connector) {
            System.out.println("Recharge started");
            System.out.println("Recharge finished");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Connect Lightning first");
        }
    }
}

class Android implements IMicroUsbPhone {
    private boolean connector;

    @Override
    public void useMicroUsb() {
        connector = true;
        System.out.println("MicroUsb connected");
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        if (connector) {
            System.out.println("Recharge started");
            System.out.println("Recharge finished");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Connect MicroUsb first");
        }
    }
}
/* exposing the target interface while wrapping source object */
class LightningToMicroUsbAdapter implements IMicroUsbPhone {
    private final ILightningPhone lightningPhone;

    public LightningToMicroUsbAdapter(ILightningPhone lightningPhone) {
        this.lightningPhone = lightningPhone;
    }

    @Override
    public void useMicroUsb() {
        System.out.println("MicroUsb connected");
        lightningPhone.useLightning();
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        lightningPhone.recharge();
    }
}

public class AdapterDemo {
    static void rechargeMicroUsbPhone(IMicroUsbPhone phone) {
        phone.useMicroUsb();
        phone.recharge();
    }

    static void rechargeLightningPhone(ILightningPhone phone) {
        phone.useLightning();
        phone.recharge();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Android android = new Android();
        Iphone iPhone = new Iphone();

        System.out.println("Recharging android with MicroUsb");
        rechargeMicroUsbPhone(android);

        System.out.println("Recharging iPhone with Lightning");
        rechargeLightningPhone(iPhone);

        System.out.println("Recharging iPhone with MicroUsb");
        rechargeMicroUsbPhone(new LightningToMicroUsbAdapter (iPhone));
    }
}

Output

Recharging android with MicroUsb
MicroUsb connected
Recharge started
Recharge finished
Recharging iPhone with Lightning
Lightning connected
Recharge started
Recharge finished
Recharging iPhone with MicroUsb
MicroUsb connected
Lightning connected
Recharge started
Recharge finished

"""
Adapter pattern example.
"""
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

NOT_IMPLEMENTED = "You should implement this."

RECHARGE = ["Recharge started.", "Recharge finished."]

POWER_ADAPTERS = {"Android": "MicroUSB", "iPhone": "Lightning"}

CONNECTED = "{} connected."
CONNECT_FIRST = "Connect {} first."

class RechargeTemplate(metaclass=ABCMeta):

    @abstractmethod
    def recharge(self):
        raise NotImplementedError(NOT_IMPLEMENTED)

class FormatIPhone(RechargeTemplate):
    @abstractmethod
    def use_lightning(self):
        raise NotImplementedError(NOT_IMPLEMENTED)

class FormatAndroid(RechargeTemplate):
    @abstractmethod
    def use_micro_usb(self):
        raise NotImplementedError(NOT_IMPLEMENTED)

class IPhone(FormatIPhone):
    __name__ = "iPhone"

    def __init__(self):
        self.connector = False

    def use_lightning(self):
        self.connector = True
        print(CONNECTED.format(POWER_ADAPTERS[self.__name__]))

    def recharge(self):
        if self.connector:
            for state in RECHARGE:
                print(state)
        else:
            print(CONNECT_FIRST.format(POWER_ADAPTERS[self.__name__]))

class Android(FormatAndroid):
    __name__ = "Android"

    def __init__(self):
        self.connector = False

    def use_micro_usb(self):
        self.connector = True
        print(CONNECTED.format(POWER_ADAPTERS[self.__name__]))

    def recharge(self):
        if self.connector:
            for state in RECHARGE:
                print(state)
        else:
            print(CONNECT_FIRST.format(POWER_ADAPTERS[self.__name__]))

class IPhoneAdapter(FormatAndroid):
    def __init__(self, mobile):
        self.mobile = mobile

    def recharge(self):
        self.mobile.recharge()

    def use_micro_usb(self):
        print(CONNECTED.format(POWER_ADAPTERS["Android"]))
        self.mobile.use_lightning()

class AndroidRecharger:
    def __init__(self):
        self.phone = Android()
        self.phone.use_micro_usb()
        self.phone.recharge()

class IPhoneMicroUSBRecharger:
    def __init__(self):
        self.phone = IPhone()
        self.phone_adapter = IPhoneAdapter(self.phone)
        self.phone_adapter.use_micro_usb()
        self.phone_adapter.recharge()

class IPhoneRecharger:
    def __init__(self):
        self.phone = IPhone()
        self.phone.use_lightning()
        self.phone.recharge()

print("Recharging Android with MicroUSB recharger.")
AndroidRecharger()
print()

print("Recharging iPhone with MicroUSB using adapter pattern.")
IPhoneMicroUSBRecharger()
print()

print("Recharging iPhone with iPhone recharger.")
IPhoneRecharger()

public interface ILightningPhone
{
	void ConnectLightning();
	void Recharge();
}

public interface IUsbPhone
{
	void ConnectUsb();
	void Recharge();
}

public sealed class AndroidPhone : IUsbPhone
{
	private bool isConnected;
	
	public void ConnectUsb()
	{
		this.isConnected = true;
		Console.WriteLine("Android phone connected.");
	}

	public void Recharge()
	{
		if (this.isConnected)
		{
			Console.WriteLine("Android phone recharging.");
		}
		else
		{
			Console.WriteLine("Connect the USB cable first.");
		}
	}
}

public sealed class ApplePhone : ILightningPhone
{
	private bool isConnected;
	
	public void ConnectLightning()
	{
		this.isConnected = true;
		Console.WriteLine("Apple phone connected.");
	}

	public void Recharge()
	{
		if (this.isConnected)
		{
			Console.WriteLine("Apple phone recharging.");
		}
		else
		{
			Console.WriteLine("Connect the Lightning cable first.");
		}
	}
}

public sealed class LightningToUsbAdapter : IUsbPhone
{
	private readonly ILightningPhone lightningPhone;
	
	private bool isConnected;
	
	public LightningToUsbAdapter(ILightningPhone lightningPhone)
	{
		this.lightningPhone = lightningPhone;
	}
	
	public void ConnectUsb()
	{
		this.lightningPhone.ConnectLightning();
	}

	public void Recharge()
	{
		this.lightningPhone.Recharge();
	}
}

public void Main()
{
	ILightningPhone applePhone = new ApplePhone();
	IUsbPhone adapterCable = new LightningToUsbAdapter(applePhone);
	adapterCable.ConnectUsb();
	adapterCable.Recharge();
}

Output:

Apple phone connected.
Adapter cable connected.
Apple phone recharging.

• Adapter Java Design Patterns - Adapter
• Delegation, strongly relevant to the object adapter pattern.
• Dependency inversion principle, which can be thought of as applying the adapter pattern, when the high-level class defines its own (adapter) interface to the low-level module (implemented by an adaptee class).
• Ports and adapters architecture
• Shim
• Wrapper function
• Wrapper library